һ  Linuxʹ
    ҪLinux»ʹãƪĹϵ޷гLinuxʹ˵ʹûгʱʹ"--help"ѯ߰manѯϸʹ˵
    1.ash
    1
    ash --a shell
    Kenneth Almquist1989дģashLinuxµеһԽӽSYSTEM Vshell
    2ֲ˵
    ash  [ -efIijnsxz ] [ +efIijnsxz ] [ -c] [  ]
    -c -cashӱ׼жִ-c֮󣩡
    -s-sashӱ׼жִ-c֮󣩡
    -c -sashĵһΪļӴļж޲ashȱʡ趨-sӱ׼жֱexit
    0ĵһĸ"-"ashȷΪlogin shellash/etc/profileûĸĿ¼е.profileӦúͻ
    -e-eashִ󷵻ֵΪֵʱ˳ash
    -f-fashرԶļܡ
    -j򿪲UNIXĹơ
    -nǲִС
    3
    ash -c ls
    ashִls˻ԭȵĿ¼shell
    ash -s
    ashִһµshellڿshellйCtrl-Dexit˻ԭȵĿ¼shell趨Ļԭȵֵ
    2.at
    1
    atbatchatqatrmš顢ɾеĹ
    Thomas Koenigд
    2ֲ˵
    at [-V] [-q] [-fļ] [-mldbv] ʱ
    at -c ҵ [ҵ]
    atq [-V] [-q] [-v]
    atrm [-V] ҵ [ҵ]


   
    batch [-V] [-q] [-fļ] [-mv] [ʱ]
    at趨ʱִҵ
    atqгûڶеҵǳûгей
    atrmɾеҵ
    batchõȼҵֻҪϵͳloadavgϵͳƽأ<1.5atrun趨ֵͿʼִҵ
    -V-Vʾ汾ŵ׼
    -qУ-qָѡƣƿazAZ֮ĸatȱʡcbatchȱʡEеĸ˳ԽߣеȼԽ͡ǴдĸĻύbatchatqʹ-qֻʾеҵ
    -mִҵʹҵûҲύҵûʾmail
    -fļļжȡҵ
    -latq
    -datrm
    -bbatch
    ʱ䣺û趨ҵʼִеʱ䡣ʱĸʽֳ֣ʱ䡢ڡƫɽܵʱʽHHMMHHMMһָʱУʱȥ˾ڵڶִСʱAMPMʹУҲָһִУڵĸʽӦΪMMDDYYMM/DD/YYMM.DD.YYҲԸƫ
    ʱ䣫ʱ
    ʱminuteshoursdaysweeks
    ҲָtodayҵڽִУָtommorowҵִС
    3ע
    ûָ-fѡatӱ׼еԿͨܵض򽻻
   ûκʹatϵеһûʹatϵȨļ/etc/at.allow/etc/at.denyơ/etc/at.allowڣֻļеûʹatϵе/etc/at.allowļڣ/etc/at.denyļֻҪļеûʹatϵеȱʡ/etc/at.denyһļеûʹatϵе
    4
    at -f work 4pm + 3 days
    4ִļworkеҵ
    at -f work 10am Jul 31
    3110ִļworkеҵ
    3.banner
    bannerӡ⡣
    bannerڱ׼ϴӡı⣬ûҪӡ֣ȴӱ׼һ֡"*"ɡMark Hortonд
    2ֲ˵
    /usr/bin/banner [ -wn ]Ϣ
    -w ȴ131nnȱʡΪ80С
    3ע
    ܴӡַ< >[]\^_{}|-ϢΪ10ӢַÿոַֿӡַַԱţ"СbannerЩδͬһС
   4.bash 
 1
    bashGNU Bourne-Again Shell
    ᣨFree Software Foundation IncӵbashȨ
    bashLinuxµеһͬshݣҰkshcshһЩõԡIEEE Posix Shell and Tools specificationIEEE Working Group 1003.2
    2ֲ˵
    bash [] [ļ]
    -cַ-cbashַжַбͱ趨Ϊӡ0ʼλò
    -i-ibashǽġ
    -s-sbashӱ׼жִ-c֮󡣣ֱexit
    -һ-űִϣδ˺бļ
    -norchashǽģִи˳ʼļ-/.bashrcbashΪshУȱʡǹرյġ
    -noprofileִϵͳΧļ/etc/profileҲִи˵ļ-/.bash_profile-/.bash_login-/.profileȱʡ£bashΪ¼shellʱЩļΪļ
    --refileļbashǽģԴļΪbashļ-/.bashrc
    -versionbashʼʱʾbashİ汾š
    -quietʾ汾źϢȱʡֵ
    -loginbashαװΪ¼shell
    -nobraceexpansionִдչ
    -nolineeditingڽ״̬²ʹGNUreadlineȥȡȡб༭ܡ
    -posixıbashΪʹPosix 1003.2涨ı׼
3ע
bashӴ,ٶҲ̫,ҲPosix׼ĳЩaliases 
ģ塣
4
    lark:->bash -version
    GNU bash, version 1.14.7(1)
    bash $
    ʾbashİ汾ţһshell
    5.bc
    1
    bcһ򵥵ļ
   ΪPhilip A.Nelson.bcһֽ֧ʽıʽԣʽCԣϻԼһ׼ѧ⡣
    2ֲ˵
    bc [-lwsqv] [ѡ] [ļ]
    -l--mathlib׼ѧ⡣
    -w--warnԲPosix׼չܵľ档
    -s--standardɷPosix׼bc
    -q--quietGNU bcĻӭϢ
    -v--version汾źͰȨϢ˳
    3
    lark:->bc
    bc 1.04
Copyright (c) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software with ABSOLUTELY  NO  WARRANTY.
    For details type 'warranty'.
1+2*3.1415926
    7.2831852
    quit
    lark:->
    6.cal
    1
    calʾһ
    Version 6 AT&T UNIXcalڱ׼ʾڲѯĳĳĳյû˵ʮõġ
    2ֲ˵
    cal [-jy] [[]]
    -jʾjulianڣǴ11տʼۼӵģ
    -yʾ
    ݱдȫ"cal 89"ǴģӦΪ"cal 1989"
    ·ݱ112֣֮Ӣĵȫƣ޷֣Ӳǰµ
    3
    lark:-> cal 3 1998
         March 1998
    Su  Mo  Tu  We  Th  Fr  Sa
     1   2   3    4   5   6   7
     8   9  10   11  12  13  14
    15  16  17   18  19  20  21
    22  23  24   25  26  27  28
    29  30  31
    lark:->
    175294 ͷǳ֣13졣
    lark:->cal 3 1998
        September 1752
    Su  Mo  Tu  We  Th  Fr  Sa
              1   2   14  15  16
     17  18  19  20   21  22  23
     24  25  26  27   28  29  30
    Ϊ¿ʼеߵ۹ʱӢֳأӿʷеĹ[ע̻ʸиʮPope Gregory XIII1582ĸǴеߵ۹ֱ1752ŻµĹ]
    7.cat
    1
    catļӡ׼
    catCA TenateдʾļDOSµTYPE
    2ֲ˵
    cat    [-benstuvAET]    [--number]    [--number-nonblank]
    [--squeeze-blank]    [--show-nonprinting]    [--show--ends]
    [--show-tabs]    [--show-all]  [--help]  [--version]  [ļ]
    -b--number-nonblankзǿУӵһпʼ
    -eõ-vE
    -n--numberУӵһпʼ
    -s--squeeze-blankĶ滻ΪһС
    -tõ-vT
    -uûãֻΪĳЩUNIXļԶ衣
    -v--show-nonprintingʾзTABпƷʹ^־ַĸλEscapeƷ
    -A--show-allõ-vET.
    -E--show-endsÿһеĽβַ"$"
    -T--show-tabsʾƷTABΪ'^I'
    --helpϢ˳ֵΪֵ
    --version汾Ϣ˳
    3
    lark:->cat -b -E.lessrc	               ʾļ.lessrc                 
    1		back-line    $ $
    3		forw-scroll $ $
    4		back-scroll $
    5		goto-line $
    6		goto-end $
    lark:->cat myfile1 myfile2 >tmp      	ļmyfile1myfile2ļtmp
    8.cd
    1
    cdı䵱ǰĿ¼
    2ֲ˵
    cdĿ¼
    Ŀ¼صûĸĿ¼ûӵиĿ¼ȨޡһûĿ¼ֻҪcd -ûɡ
    3
    lark:/tmp>cd id1	                    id1Ŀ¼
    lark:/tmp/id1>cd-chenxy	             ûchenxyĿ¼
    lark:-chenxy>
    9.chgrp
    1
    chgrıļ顣
    2ֲ˵
    chgrp    [-Refv]    [--recursive]    [--changes]    [--silent]
    [--quiet]  [--verbose]  [--help]  [--version]ļ
    -c --changesֻļȷʵıʱŽϸ˵
    -f --quiet --silent鲻ܸıļĴϢ
    -v --verboseϸ˵ı仯
    -R --recursiveı䱾Ŀ¼Ŀ¼ļ顣
    --helpڱ׼Ϣ˳
    --versionڱ׼汾Ϣ˳
    飺Ҫı䵽ŶӦ֣Ҳ/etc/groupļе
    ļԿոֿҪıȨļб֧ͨ
    ûǸļ򳬼ûܸıļ顣
    3
    lark:->chgrq -R book /opt/local/book/*.*
    ı/opt/local/book/Ŀ¼µļΪbook
    10.chmod
    1
    chmodıļļûļķȨȫ߼ʼûʼУȨޣrдwִУxûls-lgۿĳһļgroupļ˵ȨζſԿļݣдļ޸ĻɾļִȨִDOSµEXECOMBATļĿ¼˵ȨζſԲ鿴Ŀ¼µݣдȨζĿ¼½ļԴĿ¼ɾļִȨζſԴһĿ¼ת䵽һĿ¼
    2ֲ˵
    chmod [-Rcfv]  [--recursive]  [--changes]  [--silent]
    [--quiet]  [--verbose]  [--help]  [--version]  Ȩ ļ
    -c --changesֻļȨȷʵıʱŽϸ˵
    -f --silent -quietȨ޲ܸıļĴϢ
    -v --verboseϸ˵Ȩ޵ı仯
    -R --recursiveı䱾Ŀ¼Ŀ¼ļȨޡ
    --helpڱ׼Ϣ˳
    --versionڱ׼汾Ϣ˳
    ȨޣʽΪ[ugoa][[+ - =] [r w x Xstugo]] []
    "ugoa"ЩûԸļȨ޽ı䣺uļߣgļͬûoûaû"+"ʹûѡȨޱ׷ӵÿĿļ"-"ʹЩȨޱ"="ʹĿļֻЩȨޡ"r w x Xstugo"ѡµԡrȨޣwдȨޣxִȨĿ¼ķȨXֻĿļĳЩûǿִеĻĿļĿ¼ʱ׷xԣsͬʱ趨ûIDtı豸ϣuĿļgĿļ飨oûʾԣ0ûȨޣ1ִȨ2Ȩ4дȨȻӣԵĸʽӦΪ307İ˽˳ǣugo
    ļԿոֿҪıȨ޵ļб֧ͨ
    3
    lark->chmod a + x destfile		ʹûļdestfileждִȨ  
    lark->chmod 644 destfile		ʹûԶļdestfileֻܸı
    11.chown
    1
    chownıļ顣
    2ֲ˵
    chown [-Refv] [--recursive] [--changes] [--help] [--ver-sion] [--silent] [--quiet] [--verbose] [û] [: .] [] ļ
    -c --changesֻļȷʵıʱŽϸ˵
    -f --silent -quietܸıļĴϢ
    -v --verboseϸ˵ı仯
    -R --recursiveı䱾Ŀ¼Ŀ¼ļ
    --helpڱ׼Ϣ˳
    --versionڱ׼汾Ϣ˳
    ûûûid
    飺id
    ļԿոֿҪıȨ޵ļб֧ͨ
    3
    lark->chown dfbb:book destfile		ļdestfileĳdfbbĳbook  
    12.chsh
    1
    ıû¼shell
    Julianne Frances Haugh
    2ֲ˵
    chsh [-s ¼shell] [û]
    ͨûԸıԼĵ¼shellûԸıûĵ¼shellеshell/etc/shellsļгshellǳûơûshellһƵshellûܸı¼shell-schshûĵǰ¼shellʾûshell·ıshellʱҪû롣
    3
    lark:->chsh
    Password:
    Changing the login shell for dfbb
    Enter the new value, or press return for the default
         Login Shell [/bin/csh]:/bin/tcsh
    lark:->
    13.clear
    1
    clearĻDOScls
    2
    lark->clear ĻʾƶϽ
    14.compress
   1
    compressuncompress zcatѹչļ
    compressLZWԭѹļԭļΪΪ.Zļ
    uncompreezcatչѹļ
    2ֲ˵
    compress [-f] [-v] [-c] [-V] [-b bits] [ļ]
    uncompress [-f] [-v] [-c] [-V] [-b bits] [ļ]
    zcat [-v] [ļ]
    -f ǿԭļӴ˲compressǰ̨compressʾûòѹĿ¼ļرá
    -vѹÿļѹȡ
    -cѹ׼
    -VȨϢ
    -b bitsbitsΪ9-16֣LZWѹȡ
    ļԿոֿҪѹļб֧ͨ
    3
    lark:	->compress -f -v -V destfile     ѹļdestfile
    Based on compress.c, v 4.0 85/07/30 12:50:00 joe Release
    Options: BITS=16
    destfile: Compression:5.55% --replaced with destfile.Z
    lark:->uncompress destfile.Z        ԭļdestfile
    lark:->
    15.cp
    1
    cpļ
    2ֲ˵
    cp[options] Դļ Ŀļ
    cp[options] ԴļĿĿ¼
    Options:
    [-abdfilprsuvxPR] [-S backup-suffix] [-V {numbered, existing, simple}] [--backup] [--no-dereference] [--force] [--interactive] [--one-file-system] [--preserve] [--recursive] [--update] [--verbose] [--suffix=backup-suffix] [--version-control={numbered, existing, simple] [--archive] [--parents] [--link] [--symbolic-link] [--help] [--version]
    -a, --archiveڿбܶԴļĽṹԣͬ-dpRͬ
    -b, --backupҪǺɾļݡ
    -d, --no-dereferenceֻӣָļڿбԭеӹϵ
    -f --forceɾѴڵĿļ
    -I, --interactiveɾѴڵĿļʱʾ
    -l, --linkӲĿ¼ļĿ
    -P, --parents·Դļ·һ𿽱
    cp --parents a/b/c exist-ing_dir' copies
    ļa/b/cexist-ing_dir/a/b/c
    -p, --preserveԴļ飬Ȩ޺ʱ־
    -r,Ŀ¼
    -s, --symbolic-linkýĿ¼ļĿĿļҲڵǰĿ¼ȻԴļǾ·"/"ʼڲַ֧ӵϵͳϽϢ
    -u, --updateĿ¼ĿļѴھͬµ޸ʱ򲻿
    -v,--verboseڿʱÿļơ
    -x, --one-file-systmeӿʼļʼڲͬļϵͳϵĿ¼
    -R, --recursiveĿ¼
    --help ڱ׼Ϣ˳
    --version ڱ׼汾Ϣ˳    
    -S, --suffixbackup-suffixڲļĺ׺ѡ޸ɻSIMPLEBACKUPSUFFIX趨ĺ׺ûжȱʡ"-"
    -V, --version-control {numbered, existing, simple}ݲ͡ѡ޸ɻVERSIONCONTROL趨ıݲͣûжȱʡ"'existing"Чѡǣ
    't' or 'numbered'ǽűݡ
    'nil' or 'existing'ֻΪѾбűݵļűݣļһݡ
    'never' or 'simple'ֻһݡ
    3
    lark:->cp sourcefile destflie		ļsourcefilļdestfile
    lark:->cp */tmp		ǰĿ¼ļ/tmpĿ¼	
    lark:->
    16.cpio
    1
    cpio浵пļӴ浵пļ
    2ֲ˵
    cpio {-o|--create} [-0acvABLV] [-C bytes] [-H format] [-M message]    [-O    [ [user @]host:] archive]    [-F[[user@]host:]archive]    [--file=[[user@]host:]archive] [--format=format] [--message=message] [--null]  [--restet-access-time]  [--verbose]  [--dot]  [--append]  [--block-size=blocks]  [--dereference]  [--io-size=bytes]  [--quiet] [--force-local]  [--help]  [--version]  < name-list [>archive]
cpio {-I |--extract}[-bcdfmnrtsuvBSV] [-C bytes] [-E file] [-H format] [-M message] [-R [user][: .][group]]  [-I [[user@]host:]archive]  [-F    [[user@]host:]archive] [--file=[[user@]host:]archive]    [--make-directories]
[--nonmatching] [--preserve-modification-time] [--numericuid-gid]  [--rename]  [--list]  [--swap-bytes]  [--swap]  [--dot]  [--unconditional]  [--verbose]  [--block-size=blocks]  [-swap-halfwords] [--io-size=bytes]  [--pattern-file=file]         [--format=format]
[--owner=[user][: .] [group]] [--no-preserve-owner] [--message=message]  [--force-local]  [no-absolute-filenames] [--sparse]  [--only-verify-crc] [--quiet]  [--help]  [--version]  [pattern] [<archive]cpio    {-p|--pass-through}    [-0adlmuvLV]    [-R [user][: .] [group]] [--null][--resct-access-time]  [--make-directories] [--link] [--puiet]  [--preserve-modificationtime]  [--unconditional]  [--verbose]  [--dot]  [--derefer-ence]  [--owner=[uwer][: .] [group]]  [--no-preserve-owner] [--sparse]  [--help]  [--version]  destination-directory <name-list
    cpioģʽ
    copy-outģʽ浵ļпļӱ׼ļбļбfindȡԴļ׼д浵ļ
    copy-inģʽӴ浵ļпļӱ׼浵ļͨȷҪļļ򿽱ļ
    copy-passģʽļһĿ¼һĿ¼ʵǰcopy-outcopy-inģʽֻһ浵ļӱ׼ļб
    ȡԴļĿĿ¼Ϊһ"-"Ĳ
    cpio֧ļʽ
    binaryold ASCIInew ASCIIcrcHPUX binaryHPUX old ASCIIold tarand POSIX.1 tar
    ȱʡcpiobinaryʽĴ浵ļ
    -O,  --nullcopy-outcopy-passģʽļбɿַɻн
    -a,  reset-access-timeڶȡļʱļʱ䡣
    -A, --appendӵеĴ浵ļֻcopy-outģʽ浵ļ-O,-FָĴļ
    -b, --swapcopy-inģʽȽbytesֽhalfwords-sS
    -BI/OĿСıΪ5120bytesȱʡ512bytes
    --block-size=BLOCK-SIZEI/OĿСıΪIO-SIZE bytes
    -d, --make-directoriesҪʹĿ¼
    -E FILE, --pattern-fil=FILEcopy-inģʽļFILEжҪ⿪ļб
    -f, --nonmatchingֻļбûļ
    -F, --file=archive浵ļļĿ豸һ̨ϵĴŴ"HOSTNAMEļ"cpioԶusername@ų̂-/.rhostsļӱ
    --forc-localʹ-F-I-Oѡʱʹļ""ҲΪһļ
    -H FORMAT, --format=FORMAT浵ļʹFORMATbin, odc, newc, crc, tar, ustar, hpbin, hpodcʽ
    -I, --extractʹcopy-inģʽ
    -I archiveͬ -F, --file=archive
    -kãΪĳЩԶ裩
    -l, --linkļ濽ļ
    -L, --dereferenceļֱӿļӡ
    -m, --preserve-modification-timeļʱָļ޸ʱ䡣
    -M MESSAGE,--message=MESAGEڱýʱʾϢMESSAGEмãd꣩
    -n, --numeric-uid-gidļбʱֵUIDGID֡
    --no-absolute-filenamescopy-inģʽ··
    --no-preserve-ownercopy-incopy-passģʽıļڻָʱָЩͨûȱʡѡ
    -o, --createʹcopy-outģʽ
    -O archiveͬ-F, --file=archive
    only-verify-crcڶCRCʽĴ浵ļʱֻÿļCRC⿪ļ
    -p, --pass-throughʹcopy-passģʽ    
    quietѿĿĿ
    -r, --renameʽظļ
    -R [user] [: .] [group], --owner [user] [: .] [group] :copy-outcopy-passģʽļı趨û飨ֻгûʹã
    -sparsecopy-outcopy-passģʽСļдһʱʣಿ֡
    -s, --swap-bytescopy-inģʽbytes
    -S, --swap-halfwordscopy-inģʽhalfwords
    -t, --lists'ļб
    -u, --unconditionalִͬļʾ
    -v, --veroseгڴļ"ls -1"ʽļб
    -V --dotڴÿļʱ"."
    --versionȨϢ˳
    3
    lark:->cpio -0 <filelist> d
    cpio: sourcefile: truncating inode number
    1 block
    lark:->
    ļfilelisжԴļбԴļд浵ļd
    lark:->cpio -i -v -F d
    sourcefile
    1 block
    lark:->
    Ӵ浵ļdпļ
    17.crontab
    1
    crontabÿûػ͸ִеʱ
     Matthew Dillon
    2ֲ˵
    crontab file [-u user]ָļĿǰcrontab
    crontab - [-u user]ñ׼Ŀǰcrontab
    crontab -l [ user]гûĿǰcrontab
    crontab -e[ user]༭ûĿǰcrontab
    crontab -d[ user]ɾûĿǰcrontab
    crontab -c[ user]ָcrontabĿ¼
    crontabļĸʽM H D m d cmd
    Mӣ0-59
    HСʱ0-23
    D죨1-31
    m£1-12
    dһڵ죨0-60Ϊ죩
    cmdҪеĳ򣬳shִУshellֻUSERHOMESHELL
    һļ
    #  MIN HOUR DAY MONTH DAYOFWEEK COMMAND
    # ÿ6
    10 6 * * * date
    # ÿСʱ
    0 */2 * * * date
    # 118֮ÿСʱ8
    0 23-7/2,8 * * * date
    #ÿµ4źÿݵһ11
    0 14 4 * mon-wed date
    # 1·4
    0 4 1 jan * date
    3
    lark:->crontab -1		гûĿǰcrontab
         MIN HOUR DAY MONTH DAYOF WEEK COMMAND
        10 6 * * * date
         0 */2 * * * date
         0 23-7/2, 8 * * * date
    lark:->
    18.csh
    1.
    tcsh
    19.cut
    1
    cutļеÿһжȥһ
    2ֲ˵
    cut  {-b  byte-list,  --bytes=byte-list}  [-n]  [--help]
    [--version] [file...]
    cut   {-c  character-list,  --characters=character-list}
    [--help] [--version] [file...]
    cut  {-f field-list, --fields=field-list} [-d delim] [-s]
    [-delimiter=delim]  [--only-delimited]  [--help]  [--veresion]  [file...]
    byte-listcharacter-listfield-listֻһ䣬С1ʽΪ"n-m"nΪʼ֣mΪ֣"n-"ζβ
    -b, --bytes bytd-listֻbyte-listbytesTABsbackspacesռ1byte
    -c, --characters character-listֻcharacter-listڵַTABsbackspacesռһַ
    -f, --fields field-listֻfield-listڵ
    -d, --delimiter delimָ-fеfield-listķָΪdelimеĵһַȱʡΪTAB
    -nָbyteַ
    -s, --only-delimited-fвûָС
    --helpڱ׼Ϣ˳
    --versionڱ׼汾Ϣ˳
    3
    lark:->cut sourcefile
    total 0
    -rw-r--r--   1 fangh    users     0 Aug 23 21:46 destfile
    lark:->cut -c 5-20 sourcefile
    1 0
    r--r--    1 fangh
    lark:->
    20.date
    1
    dateӡϵͳںʱ䡣
    2ֲ˵
    date  [-u] [-d datestr] [-s datestr] [--utc] [--universal]
    [--date=datestr] [--set=datestr]  [--help]  [--version]
    [+FORMAT] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]
    +FORMATʾ
    ָ
         n
         tTAB
    ʱ
    H    Сʱ00..23
    I    Сʱ01..12
    k    Сʱ0..23
    1    Сʱ1..12
    M   ӣ00..59
    p    AMPM
    r    12Сʱhh:mm:ss[AP]M
    s    1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTCʼʱ
    S    루00..61
    T    24Сʱhh:mm:ss
    X    ʱʾHMS
    Z    ʱEDTûָʱʾ

    a     дʽSun..Sat
    A     Sunday..Saturday
    b     дʽJan..Dec
    B     January..December
    c     ںʱ䣨Sat Nov 04 12:02:33 EST 1989
    d     ÿµĵڼ죨01..31
    D    ڣmm/dd/yy
    h     ͬڣb
    j     һĵڼ죨001..366
    m    ·ݣ01..12
    U    һеĵڼڣΪڵĵһ죨00..53
    w    ÿڵĵڼ죨0..60Ϊ
    W   һеĵڼڣһΪڵĵһ죨00..5300..53
    x    ڣmm/dd/yy
    y    ݵĺ֣00..99
    Y    ݣ1970...
   [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]
    MM    ·
    DD     
    hh     Сʱ
    mm    
    CC    ݵǰλѡ
    YY    ݵĺλѡ
    ss     루ѡ
    ֻгûȨϵͳʱ䣨ʱCMOSж
    -d datestr, --date dates ʾdatestrָںʱ䡣
    -s datestr, --set datestr 趨datestrָںʱ䡣
    -u, --universalʾ趨ʱ䣨ȱʡΪʱ䣩
    -helpڱ׼Ϣ˳
    -versionڱ׼ȨϢ˳
    3ӡǰʱ䣺
    lark:->date --date '2 days ago'
    Fri Aug 22 20:20:08 CDT 1997
    lark:->
    ӡ·ݺڣ
    lark:->date ' + % B % d'
    August 24
    lark:->
    21.dd
    1
    ddһļͬʱת
    2ֲ˵
    dd [--help] [--version] [if=file] [of=file] [ibs=bytes]
    [obs=bytes] [bs=bytes] [cbs=bytes] [skip=blocks]
    [seek=blocks]                  [count=blocks]
    [conv={ascii, ebcdic, ibm, block, unblock, lease, ucase, noerror, notrunc,sync}]
    if=filefileΪԴļԴ׼롣
    of=filefileΪĿļһ׼
    ibs=bytesһζbytesbyte
    obs=bytesһдbytesbyte
    cbs=bytesһζдbytesbyteдbitobsֵ
    skip=blocksӿͷblocksibsСĿ顣
seek=blocksӿͷblocksobsСĿ顣
count=blocks:ֻblocksibsСĿ顣
    conv=conversion[,conversion...]תļתĸʽУ
    ascll, ebcdic, ibm, block, unblock, lcase, ucase, swab, noerror, notrunc, sync
    --helpڱ׼Ϣ˳
    --versionڱ׼汾Ϣ˳
    3ļsourcefileļdestfile
    lark->dd if =sourcefile of=destfile
    0 + 1 records in
    0 +1 records out
    lark:->
    22.df
    1
    dfʣռ䡣
    2ֲ˵
    df [-aikPv] [-t fstype] [-x fstype] [--all] [--inodes]
    [--type=fstype] [--exclude-type=fstype]  [--kilobytes]
    [--portabiliry] [--print-type] [--help] [--version] [file-name. . .]
    -a, --allгBLOCKΪļϵͳȱʡǲг
    -i, --inodesinodeʹ״blockʹ״
    -k, --kilobytes1KΪλblockȱʡ512bytes
    -P, --portabilityʹPOSIXʽ
    -T, --print-typeÿļϵͳ͡
    -t, --type=fstypeֻfstypeе͵ļϵͳ
    -x, --exclude-type=fstypeֻfstypeе͵ļϵͳ
    -vãֻΪͬSYSTEM V汾dfݡ
    --helpڱ׼Ϣ˳
    --versionڱ׼汾Ϣ˳
    3
    lark:->df -a -T
    Filesystem  Type  1024-blocks  Used  Avaiable Capacity  Mounted  on
    /dev/hdal    ext2  497667     335214    136751         71%     /
    none        proc       0          0        0           0%   /proc
    /dev/hda1    ext2  2454879     105267    2222699        5%   /home
    /dev/hda2    ext2  995147     49603      89413          5%   /usr/local
    lark:->
    23.diff
    1
    diffȽļĲͬ
    2ֲ˵
    diff [ѡ] Դļ Ŀļ
    -aļıļ
    -bԿոɵĲͬ
    -BԿɵĲͬ
    -q --briefֻδͬϢ
    -cʹøҪʽ
    -e --ededԱ༭ĸʽ
    -fͬ-cƵķʽ
    -H̽ٶԴļ
    -iԴСдı仯
    -l --paginateprҳ
    -n --rcsRCSʽ
    -r --recursiveȽĿ¼ʱȽĿ¼
    --report-identical-files -sļͬű档
    -v --versionڱ׼汾Ϣ˳
    diffpatch
    3Ƚdestfilesourcefile
    lark:->diff sourcefile destfile
    1,2cl
    < total 0
    < -rw-r--r--    1 fangh users    0 Aug 23 21:46 filelist
    ---
    > ./sourcefile
    lark:->
    24.dialog
    1
    shellвԻߣJohn Gatewood Ham
    2
    ark:->   dialog  --title  "test" --yesno "this is a test" 7 40
                     lqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq  test  qqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqk
                     x           this is a test                  x
                     x                                       x
                     x                                       x
                     qqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq
                      x       <Yes>    <No>                 x
                     mqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqj
    lark.->
       1
    du̿ռʹ
    2ֲ˵
du[-abcklsxDLS] [--all] [--total] [--count-links] [--sum-marize]
[--bytes]   [--kilobytes]    [--one-file-system]
[--separate-dirs]  [--dereference]   [--dereference-arge]
[--help] [--version] [filename...]
    -a , --allʾļܺ͡
    -b, --bytesbyteΪλռռС
    -c, --totalڴвЩܼơ
    -k ,--kilobyteskilobytesΪλռռС
    -l, --count-linksͳļĴСʹѾһбͳƹˡ
    -s --summarizeÿֻʾܺ͡
    -x, --one-file-systemԲڱļϵͳϵĿ¼
    -D, --dereference-argsͳеĻķӵļ
    -L, --dereferenceͳƷӵļ
    -S, --separate-dirsÿĿ¼ĴСĿ¼ĴС
    --helpڱ׼Ϣ˳
    --versionڱ׼汾Ϣ˳
   3
    lark:->tmp>du
    1        ./.X11-unix
    15274    ./.data
    4      ./.id4
    15293   .
    lark:/tmp>
    26.echo
    1
    echoʾһı
    2ֲ˵
    echo [-ne] [ַ. . .]
    echo {--help, --version}
    -n С
    -eʹechoESCַ
    \a 棨壩
    \b ˸
    \c βһС
    \f  ҳ
    \n  С
    \r  س
    \t  Ʊ
    \V ֱƱš
    \ \  бܡ
    \ nnn ַİ˽nnn
    --helpڱ׼Ϣ˳
    --versionڱ׼汾Ϣ˳
    עshellڽechoֻ/usr/bin/echoá
    3
    lark:->/bin/echo -e just \\ wait
    just \ wait
    lark:->
    27.ed
    1
    ed redıб༭
    2ֲ˵
    ed [-] [-Gs] [-pַ] [ļ]
    red [-] [-Gs] [-pַ] [ļ]
    -ʹerwqͣʱϢ
    -Gֹһԣ'G''V''f''l''m''t'''
    -sֹϣһ㵱edһűļʱʹø
    -pַԸַΪʾ
    ļҪ༭ļ
    3
    lark:->ed .lessrc
    114
    wq
    114
    lark:->
    28.egrep
    1
    grep
    29.env
    1
    env޸ĹĻгϺӰԭá
    2ֲ˵
    env   [-]   [-1]   [-u name] [--ignore-environment]
    [--unset=name] [help] [--version][name=value]...[
    [...]]
    -u, --unset nameԭɾnameΪ
    -, -I, --ignore-environmentʼһջԭá
    --helpڱ׼Ϣ˳
    --versionڱ׼汾Ϣ˳
    3
    lark:->env - ls
    destfil  destfile sourcefile
    lark:->
    30.expand
    1
    expandļеTABתΪո׼
    2ֲ˵
    expand [-tab1[,tab2[, . . .]]] [-t tab1[,tab2[, . . .]]] [-i]
    [--tabs=tab1[,tab2[, . . .]]] [--initial] [--help] [--ver-
    sion] [ļ. . . ] 
    -,-t--tabs tab1[,bab2[, . . .]]ֻһtab1TABתΪtab1հףȱʡΪ8tab2tabe. . .򽫵һTABתΪtab1ո񣬵ڶTABתΪtab2ոûָȫתΪһո
    -e, --initialֻתֿǿոTABַTABΪո
   --helpڱ׼Ϣ˳
   --versionڱ׼汾Ϣ˳
    3
    lark:->expand test
         abc   
    lark:->
    31.fdformat
    1
    fdformatͼʽһ̡
    ߣWerner Almesberger
    2ֲ˵
    fdformat [-n] 豸
    ֵ֧豸ʽУ
    /dev/fd0d360  (minor=4)
    /dev/fd0h1200  (minor=8)
    /dev/fd0D360  (minor=12)
    /dev/fd0H360  (minor=12)
    /dev/fd0D720  (minor=16)
    /dev/fd0H720  (minor=16)
    /dev/fd0h360  (minor=20)
    /dev/fd0h360  (minor=24)
    /dev/fd0H1440  (minor=28)
    /dev/fd1d360  (minor=5)
    /dev/fd1h1200  (minor=9)
    /dev/fd1d360  (minor=13)
    /dev/fd1H360  (minor=13)
    /dev/fd1D720  (minor=17)
    /dev/fd1H720  (minor=17)
    /dev/fd1h360  (minor=21)
    /dev/fd1h720  (minor=25)
    /dev/fd1H1440  (minor=29)
    2ֲ˵
    -nڸʽʱУ
    32.fgrep
1 
 grep
33.file
1
    file̽ļ͡
   2ֲ˵
    file [-vezL] [-f namefile] [-m magicfiles] ļ...
    -vڱ׼汾Ϣ˳
    -m magicfilesָȱʡļ/etc/magic»ļ
    -z̽ѹļ
    -cڴĻļķ񣬳ͬ-mʹ»ļ
    -f namefileļnamefileжȡҪļб
    -Lӡ
    ļҪļ
    3
    lark:/tmp>file*
    destfile:    ASCII text
    clm.rc.OLD:  English text
    portnum:
    rc.inetI.OLD:Bourne shell script text
   lark:/tmp>
   34.find
    1
    findڴĿ¼ѰضļǿĹߡ
    2ֲ˵
    find [·. . .] [ƥʽ]
    ·. . .ҪѰĿ¼ǶĿ¼ÿոֿ
    ƥʽҪѰļƥ׼˵
    -nameļFINDҪʲôļҪҵļУ֧ͨ*ͣ
    -permģʽƥзָģʽֵļģʽǰ"-"Ѱгģʽģʽ
    -size nƥСΪnblockļnnKСļ
    -userûѰΪûƺIDԣļ
    -groupѰΪļ
    -atime nѰΪļ
    -atime nѰǰnʹļ
    -mtime nѰǰn޸Ĺļ
    -execļÿƥļִ־{}ִָʱļ
    ֵĵطֹڷ"\"
    -printѰ׼
    3
    lark:/>find ./ -name "passwd" -print
    ./user/bin/passwd
    ./home/ftp/etc/passwd
    ./etc/passwd
    lark:/>
    35.fortune
    1
    fortuneһȤ
    ߣKen Arnold
    2
    lark:/>fortune
    "I must have a prodigious quantity of mind; it takes me as much as a 
     week sometimes to make it up."
                        --Mark Twain, "The Innocents Abroad"
    lark:/>
   36.grep
    1
    grep,egrep,fgrepļѰƥв
    2ֲ˵
    grep[-[[AB]]num][-[CEFGVBchilnsvwx]][-e]ʽ
    |-ffile] [ļ. . . ]
    -A numƥкnum
    -B numƥǰnum
    -VȨϢ
    -f fileļжʽ
    -q
    -sϢ
    grep=Global Regular Expression Print, grepedѰзĳʽ"g/re/p"reʽ
    rgrepfixed grepֻܲѯ̶
    egrepextended grepչѯ֧ĳЩǿıʽ
    3ļservicesвҺftpС
    lark:/etc>grep ftp services
    ftp    21/tcp
    tftp    69/udp
    sftp    115/tcp
    lark:/etc>
    37.gzexe
    1
    gzexeִļѹɽСĿִļDOSµPKLITELZEXE
    2ֲ˵
    gzexe[ļ. . . ]
    -dѹ
   Щ̿ռСûرá
    3
    lark:->ls -la cat
    -rwxr-xr-x   1 fangh   users 20916 Aug25 21:33cat*
    lark:->gzexe cat
    cat:
    lark:->ls-la cat
    -rw xr-xr-x  1 fangh users   11283 Aug 25 21:33 cat*
    lark:->
    38.gzip
    1
    gzip,gunzip,zcatѹչļ
    2ֲ˵
    gzip[-acdfhlLnNrtv V19][-S suffix] [ļ . . .]
    gunzip[-acfhlLnNrtvV][-S suffix][ļ. . .]
    zcat[-fhLV][ļ. . . ]
    -d --decompree --uncompressѹ
    -h --helpʾϢ˳
    -t --testѹļ
    -V --versionʾȨϢ˳
    -vѹϢ
    -# --fast --best#Ϊ1fast-9bestԽСٶԽ죬ѹԽСȱʡΪ6
    -c --stdout --to-stdoutѹ׼粻-cgzipԴļѹΪ.gzļɾԴļ
    3
    lark:->gzip -v sourcefile
    sourcefile:                15.2% --replaced with sourcefile.gz
    lark:->
    39.head
    1
    headʾļǰС
   2ֲ˵
    head[-c N[bkm]][-n N][-qv][--bytes=N[bkm]][--lines=N]
    [--quiet][--silent][--verbose][--help][--version]
    [ļ. . .]
    head[-N bcklmqv][ļ. . .]
    -c N, --bytes NļǰNֽڡ
    -n N, --lines NļǰNС
    -q, --quiet, --silentļϢ
    -v, --verboseļϢ
    --helpڱ׼Ϣ˳
    --versionڱ׼汾Ϣ˳
    3ļ.lessrcĵһС
    lark:->head -n 1 .lessrc
     forw-line
    lark:->
    40.hostid
    1
    hostidʾϵͳHOSTID
    ߣMitch Dsouza.
    2ֲ˵
    hostid [-v] [ʮƵID]
    -vʮƺʮƵID
    ÿһ̨HOSTIDΨһģֻгûܸġ
    3
    lark:->hostid -v
    Hostid is 650780800 (026ca2080)
    lark:->
    41.id
    1
    idʾǰûû顣
    2ֲ˵
    id [-a]
    -a ֧һûϵͳϡ
    idȡûuser idgroup idļ/etc/passwd,/etc/groupвûû
    3
    lark:->  id
    uid=1000(fangh)gid=100(users)group=100(users)
   lark:->
    42.join
    1
    joinļȡͬУָĹؼΪƥӳһС
    2ֲ˵
    join [-a 1|2][-v 1|2][-v empty-string][-o fieldlist. . .]
    [-t char][-j[1|2]field] [-1 field] [-2 field]
    ļ1ļ2
    join{--help, --version}
    -a file-numberļ12вƥҲfile-number12
    -e stringַstringĿ
    -1, -j1 fieldļ1ĵfieldļ
    -2, -j2 fieldļ2ĵfieldļ
    -j field-1 field -2 field
    -o field-list. . .field-listеĸʽС
    -t charַcharΪķָ
    -v file-numberΪļfile-numberÿһƥдӡһдͨ
    --helpڱ׼Ϣ˳
    --versionڱ׼汾Ϣ˳
    3
    lark:->join testfile1 testfile2
    this is testfile is testfile
    lark:->
    43.kill
    1
    killֹһ
    2ֲ˵
    kill [-aź|-p] [-a]̺. . . 
    kill -l [ź]
    killָĽ̷ضźţûָźͳTERMźţTERMźŽɱûв׽źŵĽ̡ĳЩ̿ҪʹKILL9źǿɱ磺kill -9 11721ǿɱ11721SHELLڽkill
    ̺. . ָҪɱĽбÿ̺ſһ̵id߽
    -sָҪͳźţźſָҲźõźKILLܱ̺ԣHUP
    -Pֻӡ̵IDͳźš
    -Iӡźб/usr/include/linux/signal.hж壩
    3ɱ11721
    lark:->ps
    PID TTY STAT TIME COMMAND
    11668 pl s 0:00 -tcsh
    11721 pl T0:00 cat
    11737 pl R 0:00 cat 
    11737 pl R 0:00 ps
    lark:!>kill 11721
    [1]  Terminated cat
    lark:->
   44.last
    1
    lastʾȥٸûն˵¼
    2ֲ˵
    last:[-Ŀ][-fļ][-t tty] [-h ڵ][-i IPַ][-l][-y][û. . .]
    lastļ/var/log./wtmpжû¼뿪м¼ҿԲѯĳû¼ĳڵ¼ĳtty¼"last root -t console"гrootûڿ̨ϵ¼Ӳlastʾû¼
    -ĿȷʾС
    -f ļָlogļȱʡ/var/log/wtmpļ
    -hڵֻʾĳڵ¼û
    -lIPַʾԶ˵ַ
    -t ttyֻʾضttyϵ¼û
    -yڼݡ
    3ʾȥ3ûfangh¼
    lark:->last -3 fangh
    fangh   ttyp1   csun01.ihep.ac.c Tue Aug 26 18:46 still logged in
    fangh   ttyp2   csun01.ihep.ac.c Mon Aug 25 22:32 - 23:14 (00:41)
    fangh  ttyp2    csun01.ihep.ac.c Mon Aug 25 19:58 - 21:59 (02:01)
    lark:->
    45.less
    1
    lessmoreҳʾļ
    ߣMark Nudelman
    2ֲ˵
    less -?
    less --help
    less- V
    less --version
    less [-[+]aBcCdeEfgGiImMnNqQrsSuUVwX]
       [-b bufs] [-h lines][-j line][-k keyfile]
       [-{oO}logfile][-p pattern][-P prompt][-t tag]
       [-T tagsfile] [-x tab] [-y lines][-[x]lines]
       [+[+]cmd][--][ļ]. . .    
    lessmorelessǰļlessȫļʾʾļʱʾٶȱvi֮ı༭졣lesstermcapֵ֧նͷǳ㷺
    -\? --helpгlessв
    -aѯʱӵǰĻһ֮ʼѯ
    -bnָlessΪÿһļnKĻ
    -BlessǴӹܵʱ仺ĴСֵ ϱѡʹ-bnָСĻпܶʧǰݡ
    -cˢȱʡǴˢ
    -Cͬ-cֻˢ֮ǰ
    -dlessնҪϢ˲ǿlessִˢ֮
    -elessڶεļĩβʱ˳ȱʡ˳ʽ"q"
    -Elessһεļĩβʱ˳
    -f򿪷ļһĿ¼һ豸ļ
    -hnָع
    -IѰʱԴСд
    -mʾѾʾļٷֱȡ
    -q -Qš
    -rʾƷ
    --version -VʾȨϢ
    3ʾtestļ
    lark:->  less test
    46.ln
    1
    lnļ佨
    2ֲ˵
    ln []Դļ[Ŀļ]
    ln[]Դļ. . .dierectory
    
    [-bdfinsvF][-s backup-suffix][-V{numbered, existing, simple}]
    [--version-control={numbered, existing, simple}]
    [--backup][--directory][--force][--interactive]
    [--no-dereference][--symbolic][--verbose][--suf-
    fix=backup-suffix][--help][-version]
    -b, --backupΪɾļݡ
    -d, -F, --directoryûӲӡ
    -f, --forceɾĿļ
    -i, interactiveɾļʱʾ
    -n, --no-dereferenceĿļһһĿ¼ķ˷ӣĿ¼ӡ
    -s, --symbolic÷ӴӲӡ
    -v, --verboseÿҪӵļļ
    --helpڱ׼Ϣ˳
    --versionڱ׼汾Ϣ˳
   ļıԵĶûģΪֻӵļԲļԡ
    3ļsourcefileӵļtest
    lark:-> ln -s sourcefile test
    lark:->ls -la test
    lrwxrwxrwx 1fangh users    10 Aug 26 20:36 test -> sourcefile
    lark:->
    47.logname
    1
    lognameûĵ¼ʱû
   2
    lark:->logname
    fangh
    lark:->
    48.ls
    1
    ls,dir, vdirгĿ¼µļDOSµDIR
    2ֲ˵
    ls [-abcdefgiklmnopqrstuxABCFGLNQRSUX178] [-w cols] [-T cols] [-I pattern] [--all] [--escape] [--directory]
    [--inode] [--kilobytes] [--numeric-uid-gid] [--no-group] [--hid-control-chars] [--reverse] [--size]
[--width=cols] [--tabsize=cols] [--almost-all] [--ignore-backups] [--classify] [--file-type] [--full-time]
[--ignore=pattern] [--dereference] [--leteral] [--quote-name] [--trvitdobr] [--sort={none,time,size,extension}] [--for mat={long,verbose,commas,across,vertical,single-column}] 
[--time={atime,access,use,ctime,status}] [--color[={yes,no,tty}]] [--colour[={yes,no,tty}]][--7bit][--8bit] [--help][--version][name. . .]
    -a, --allгĿ¼ϵļ"."ͷļ
    -c, --time=ctime, --time=statusļiڵ޸ʱ䣬
    -d, --directoryĿ¼ļһʾʾµļ
    -e, --full-timeʱȫϢϢ
    -f -U, --sort=noneĿ¼µļ
    -gá
    -i, --inodeļiڵϢ   
    -k, --kilobytesļСKʽ
    -l, --format=long, --format=verboseļϸϢ
    -m, --format=commasļ""ָ
    -n, --numeric-uid-gidֵUIDGIDơ
    -o, --color, --colour, --color=yes, --colour=yesɫļ
    -p -F,--classifyÿļһַ˵ļ͡
    -q, --hide-control-charsã治ַ
    -r, --reverseĿ¼
    -s, --sizeÿļļĴС
    -t, --sort=timeʱĿ¼
    -u, --time=atime, --time=access, --time=useļϴαʵʱ
    -x, --format=across, --format=horizontal
    -A, --almost-all"."". ."ļ
    -B, --ignore-backups"-"βıļ
    -C, --format=vertical
    -G, --no-groupļϢ
    -L, --dereferenceгļӵļ
    -N, --literalļȡ
    -R, --recursiveгĿ¼µļ
    -S, --sort=sizeļС
    -X, --sort=extensionļչһ"."ַַ˳
    -l, --format=single-columnһֻһļ
    -7, --7bitSCIIISO6460x20-0x7Eַ
    -8,--8bit8-bit ISO88590x20-0x7E, 0xA1-0xFFַ
    -8, --8bit8-bit ISO 8859 0x20-0x7E,0xA1-0xFFַ
    -w, --width cols趨ΪcolsС
    -T, --tabsize cols趨ÿTABΪcolsС
    --color=no, --colour=noʾɫļ
    --helpڱ׼Ϣ˳
    -versionڱ׼汾Ϣ˳
    3гǰĿ¼µļ
    lark:->ls -la
   total 6
    drwxr-x---  2 fangh   users          1024 Aug 26 20:52 ./
    drwxr-xr-x  19 root   root           1024 Aug 26 21:09../
    -rw-r--r--   1 fangh   users          15 Aug 21 21:57.bash_history
    -rw-r--r--   1 fangh   users          34 Aug 20 20:41 .less
    -rw-r--r--   1 fangh   users          114Aug 25 19:58 .lessrc
    -rw-r--r--   1fangh    users          72Aug 24 18:43  sourcefile
    lrwxrwxrwx 1fangh    users         10 Aug 26 20:36 test ->sourcefile
    lark:->
    49.man
    1
    manʾһʽֲᡣ
   2ֲ˵
    man[-adfhkKtwW][-m system][-p string][-C config - file]
    [-M path] [-P pager] [-S section -list] [section]ѯ. . .
    manѰ·MANPATHͣMANPAGER á
    -C config_fileָman.configļλãȱʡusr/lib/man.config
    -M pathָmanѰֲ·   
    -P pagerָʾֲĳȱʡ/usr/bin/less
    -S section _listѡֲ½ڡ
    -kؼ֣ѯùؼֵman page
    manֺ˵ǷǳõĹߣٲѯͳʹ÷ͲԱҲѯC÷'rn(1)''ctime(3)'еָUnixֲиļڵ½ڡman3 ctimeʱʾҪڵ3еctimeݡǳUnixֲķࡣ
    1    û
    2    ϵͳ
    3    ⺯
    4    豸豸
    5    ļʽ
    6    Ϸ
    7    õ࣬
    8    ϵͳά͹
    3ѯls÷
    lark->man ls 
    50.mtools
    1
    mtoolsUNIX·DOS´̵Ĺ߰
    2߽
    mcdDOSĿ¼
    mcd[DOSµĿ¼]
    mcopyDOSļ
    mcopy[-tnvmoOsSrRA]Դļ  Ŀļ
    mcopy[-tnvmoOsSrRA]Դļ [Դļб]ĿĿ¼
    copy[-tnvm]MSDOSԴļ
    tıļеĻسͻзתΪз
    nļʱʾϢ
    medlɾDOSļ
    medl [-v] msdosļ[msdosļб]
    mdeltreeɾDOSĿ¼
    mdeltree[-v]msdosĿ¼[msdosĿ¼б]
    mdir鿴DOSĿ¼
    mdir[-w]mdosĿ¼
    mdir[-f][-w][-a]msdosļ[msdosļб]
    -w ļбʱϢͬDOSµdir/w
    -aгļ
    -fʣռ䡣
    mformatʽDOS̡
     mformat[-tŵ][-hͷ][-s][-l ȱ]
    [-F][-Iļϵͳ汾][-SС][-2 0ŵϵ
    ][-MС][-a][-X][-C]
    [-H][-r]
    mkmanifestһָUNIXʽļSHELL
    mkmanifest[ļ]
    mlabel[-ves][¾]
    cԭоꡣ
    sʾԭоꡣ
    mmdDOSĿ¼
    mmd[-voOsSrRA]msdosĿ¼[msdosĿ¼б]
    mmoveƶDOSµļ
    mmove[-voOsSrRA]Դļ Ŀļ
    mmove[-voOsSrRA]Դļ[Դļб]ĿĿ¼
    mmountmount DOS̡
    mmount msdos[תز]
    mtypeʾDOSµļ
    mtpye[-ts]msdosļ[msdosļб]
    tۿıļ
    sȥλַ
    mrdɾDOSµĿ¼
       mrd[-v]msdosĿ¼[msdosĿ¼б]
    mrenDOSµļ
    mren[-voOsSrRA]Դļ Ŀļ
    51.mesg
    1
    mesgѡջ߲ûϢ
    2ֲ˵
    mesg[n][y]
    ǷûtalkwriteûϢȱʡǽܣû뱻ŵĻûڱ༭ļʱʹmerg nͿԲܱûûն˷Ϣпûû̸ûȡһʹmesg yͿԻָûϢ.mesgʾûĿǰ
    3
    lark:->mesg n
    lark:->mesg
    is n
    lark:-> 
    52.mkdir
    1
    mkdirĿ¼ͬDOSµmd
    2ֲ˵
    mkdir[-p][-mȨ][--parents][--mode=Ȩ][--help]
    [--version]Ŀ¼б
    3
    -m, --modeȨޣ轨Ŀ¼趨ȨޣȱʡΪdrwxr-xr-x
    -p, --parentsȷÿһĿ¼ڣвڵĿ¼mkdir -p test/booktestĿ¼testĿ¼
    --helpڱ׼Ϣ˳
    --versionڱ׼汾Ϣ˳
    53.mknod
    1
    mknodļ
    3ֲ˵
    mknod[ѡ]ļ{bcu}major minor
    mknod[ѡ]ļp
    Options
    [-m Ȩ][--mode=Ȩ][--help][--version]
    mknodFIFOܵļļַļļ
    pFIFOļ
    bļл棩
    c,uַļ޻棩
    ע  ļַļʱ豸majorminormknod豸ļ/devĿ¼¶豸ļ
    -m, --modeȨޣ轨ļ趨ȨޣȱʡΪ0666
    --helpڱ׼Ϣ˳
    --versionڱ׼汾Ϣ˳
    3
    lark:->mknod tt p
    lark:->ls -la tt
    prw-r--r-- 1 fangh  users  0 Sep 2 20:33 tt|
    lark:->
    54.more
    1
    moreնϰҳۿļĹ
   moreĹûlessôǿ󡣶lessṩ˶moreģ⣬һͻܸϰʹͬDOSƵmore.
   2ֲ˵
   more[0dlfqesu][-num][+/ҪѰַ][+][ļб]
   -num趨ĻĴС
   -dmoreʾ"[Press space to continue, 'q' to quit.]"ʱ"[Press 'h' for instructions.]"塣
   -lͨmore^Lһַļкַmoreһͣ˲һԡ
   -fmore߼ؼļȱʡǰʾĻϵġ
   -pʾһ
   -cǴϵʾһ
    -sĿתһС
    -u»ߡ
    +/趨ҪѰַ
    +ļĵڼпʼʾ
    3ʾļ/etc/groupѰַbbs
    lark:->more+/bbs/etc/group
    . . .skipping
   users::100:games
   nogroup::-1:
    bbs:x:99:bbs,bbsroot,bbsuser
    lark:->
    55.mv
    1
    mvļ
    2ֲ˵
    mv[]ԴļĿļ
    mv[ ]Դļ б֧ͨĿĿ¼
    Options:
    [-bfiuv][-S backup-suffix] [-V{numbered, existing,simple}] [--backup]
    [--force][--interactive][--update][--verbose][--suffix=backup-suffix]
    [--version-control={numbered,existing,simple}][--help][--version]
    mvļһļĵһļ߽һļһĿ¼ƶһĿ¼
   ע  ڲͬļƶļʱֻƶͨļ
    -b, --backupΪҪƶļݡ
    -f, --forceǿƸļ
    -i, --interactiveڸļǰʾûѡǷ񸲸ǡ
    -u, --updateĿļʱԭļʱĿļ
    -v, --verboseƶÿļʱӦϢ
    -helpڱ׼Ϣ˳
    --versionڱ׼汾Ϣ˳
    3
     lark:->mv -v sourcefile destfile
     sourcefile ->destfile
     lark:->
     56.newgrp
    1
    newgrpıûID
    sgûһID
    2ֲ˵
    newgrp[-][]
    sg[-][-c ]
    new grpû¼ıûID"-"лý֮³ʼʹʱûıΪ/etc/passwdļȱʡ飬ʾû롣ûҪı䵽ĳԱ벿ǿյģûΡsgͬnewgrpƣǸıûshell˻ԭȵIDshell
   3ıûIDsys
    bash # newgrp sys
    #exit
    exit
    hash #
    57.nice
    1
    nice趨Ȩг
    2ֲ˵
    nice[-n adjustment] [-adjustment][--adjustmen=adjustment][--help][--version][[б]]
    -n adjustment, -adjustment, --adjustment=adjustmentadjustmenΪҪȨȱʡΪ10Ϊ-20ȨߣΪ19Ȩͣ
    --helpڱ׼Ϣ˳
    --versionڱ׼汾Ϣ˳
    3Ȩ-19гmpg123
    lark:->nice -19/usr/local/bin/mpg123 music1.mp3
    58.passwd
    1
    passwdû롣
    2ֲ˵
    passwd[-f|-s] [û]
    passwd[-g][-r|R]
    passwd[-x max] [-n min] [-w warn] [-i inact]û
    passwd{-l|-u|-d|-S}û
    ûpasswdԼĵ¼룬һûֻܸԼ룬ûԸû룬ûĹ߿Ը룬ûϢûȫûĵ¼shellûʧЧʱȵȡûȱʾ룬벢ܺͬļ/etc/passwd/etc/shadowshadowĻд洢ľбȽϣûֻһλȷ룬ǳû룬ΪſЩû롣ûɴСдĸͰּɣ8λ5λûpasswdʾûһԱȷϣ໥Ǻ֮ͽûı䡣ʹѡ-góûĹ߸룬ʹõǰ顣ʹ-gѡĵͬʱʹ-rѡ룬ʹκһûԾзĺ֮ͣʹ-Rѡκûǲɷʵġûѡ-x,-n,-w,-iѡ趨ûʹޡ-xѡ趨ûЧޣmaxûҪı룬-nѡ趨ûֻminܸ֮ı룬-wѡþû-iѡincactûʺεinactûܵ¼Լʺšʹѡ-lһûʺţûĳһֵܽܵʹѡָûʺţ뱻ĵһεֵ-lѡ̡ʹ-Sѡûʺŵ״̬ϢвɣһǱʾûʺΣL루NPпʹõ루Pڶһθıʱ䡣ĸݷֱСʹʱ䣬ʹʱ䣬ʱ䣬Чʱ䡣-n,-x,-w,-iѡõʱ䡣
    ߽һӦעһЩ⣬UNIXϵͳ˵䰲ȫͬÿû붼йϵһõúܺõùϵͳĺڿͻѺܳʱһãһ򵥵һõϵͳİȫһϸѡÿû˵һҪĹһЩ飺ҪʹԼ˵ֵĺƴգƺŵ绰룬ҲҪʹһֵܲõӢĵ룬Щ׹뷶ΧҲҪһ˿üĵطΪʹ׼ǣʹķһӢľӵĵһĸĸΪ룬磺
    Do you still love me tomorrow?
    ΪDyslmt
    һڿǲֵܼһ룬䰲ȫȻϺáðֺʹСдȫԻߡ
    3룺
   lark:->passwd
   Changing password for fangh
   Old password:oldpass    벢ʾ
   Enter the new password(minimum of 5, maximum of 8 characters)
    Please use a combination of upper and lower case letters and numbers.
    New password:newpass
    Re-enter new password:newpass
    Password changed
    lark:->passwd-S   ʾû
   fangh P09/05/97 0 99999 7-1
    lark:->
    59.paste
    1
   pasteͬļ
    2ֲ˵ 
    paste[-s][-d delim-list][--serial][--delimiters=delimlist][--help][-version][ļб. . .]
   -s, --serialһֻһļȡһУǴÿļȡһС
   -d, --delimitesr delim-listʹdelim-listеķȱʡTABΪΪ
   --helpڱ׼Ϣ˳
    --versionڱ׼汾Ϣ˳
    ȱʡpaste׼ϡ
    3ļsourcel source2ļdestУ
    lark->paste sourcel source2 >dest
    60.pr
   1
    prļԱӡ׼
    2ֲ˵ 
    pr[+PAGE][-COLUMN][-abcdfFmrtv][-e[in-tab-char[in-tab-width]]][-b header][-i[out-tab-char[out-tab-width]]] [-l page-length][-n[number-separator[digits]]][-o left-margin][-s[column-seqarator]][-w pagewidth][--help][--version][ļб. . .]
   +PAGEӵһPAGEҳʼӡ
   -COLUMNCOLUMN
   -dÿһкһµĿհС
   -e[in-tab-char[in-tab-width]]TABչΪոin-tab-charΪ趨TABȱʡTABin-tab-widthΪÿTABչΪոȱʡΪ8
    -F, -fҳʹûҳȱʡʹʣಿ֡
    -h headerheaderַȱʡļΪı⡣
    -i[out-tab-char[out-tab-width]]ոдTABout-tab-charΪ趨TABȱʡTAB,out-tab-widthΪոдΪTABȱʡΪ8
   -l page-lengthÿҳpage-lengthС
    -mļͬʱλڡ
   -n[number-separator[digits]]кţnumber-separatorΪкźַȱʡΪTABdigitsΪкŵλȱʡΪ5
    -o left-margin趨߽Ϊleft-marginո
    -r򲻿ļʱϢ
    -s[column-seqarator]õַcolumn-separatorȱʡΪTAB
    -w page-width趨ҳΪpage-widthУȱʡΪ72
    --helpڱ׼Ϣ˳
    --versionڱ׼汾Ϣ˳
   3ļdestfileд
    lark:->pr -f destfile -n
    97-09-08 21:15   destfile   Page 1
    1  total9 
    2   -rw-r--r   1fangh   users     172 Sep 6 17:09 aaa
    3   -rw-r--r   1fangh   users       0 Sep 8 21:15 desfile
    4   -rw-r--r   1fangh   users      99 Sep 6 21:08 destfile
    5   -rw-r--r   1fangh   users      28 Sep 7 14:28 list
    6   -rw-r--r   2fangh   users    1024 Sep 6 17:09 mail/
    7   -rw-----   1fangh   users    3652 Sep 8 15:45 mbox
    8   drwxr-xr-x 6fangh   users    1024 Sep 6 16:57 mp3/
    lark:->
    1
   ps鿴״̬
    2ֲ˵ 
    ps[-][lujsvmaxScewhrnu][txx][O[+|-]kl[[+|-]k2. . .]
    --sortX[+|-]key[,[+|-]]key[,. . .]] --help --vesion [pids]
    -lб
    -uûʽûͿʼʱ䡣
    -jҵʽpgid,sid
    -sźŸʽ
    -v洢ʽ
    -mʾڴϢ
    -f״ʽ
    -aʾûĽ̡
    -xʾûп̨Ľ̡
    -ctask-structи
    -eʾ
    -wԶС
    -hޱ⡣
    -rֻʾеĳ
    -nUSERWCHAN
    txxֻʾtty.xxƵĽ̡
    pidsֻʾضĽ̡
    --helpڱ׼Ϣ˳
    --versionڱ׼汾Ϣ˳
    һ¸壺
    FLAGSʽF     S      ˯ߡ
    UID   ûID        D     ɴϵ˯ߡ
    PID   ̵ID        T      ֹͣ١
    PPID  ̵ID      Z      ʬ̡
    PRI   ȼ       W      ûפҳ
    NI    ׼UNIXȼ N      һniceֵ
    SIZE  ڴĴС   TTY    ̵Ŀ̨
    RSS   פռĴС  PAGEINڴҳʧܵĿҳʧҳ
    WCHAN̵ȴں¼Ӵ̻CACHEжȡ
    STAT  ״̬¡TRSıפС
    R     С          SHAREڴ档
                                 SWAP豸ϵKֽ
    3ʾǰ̣
    lark:->ps -c
       PID TTY STAT TIME COMMAND
    8724 p4 s 0:00 tcsh
    8876 p6 R 0:00 ps
   lark:->
   62.pwd
    1
   pwdʾڹǰĿ¼
    2ֲ˵
    pwd [--help, --version]
   --helpڱ׼Ϣ˳
    --versionڱ׼汾Ϣ˳
    עpwdʵ·ӵĿ¼
   UNIX shellڽpwdûеľпܲ/bin/pwd 
   3гǰĿ¼
    lark:->pwd
   /home/fangh
   lark:->
    63.quota
    1
   qutoa[-guv|q]
   qutoa[-uv|q] û
   qutoa[-gv|q] 
    -gʾûĳĴơ
    -uʾûĴƣȱʡã
    -vʾûзռļϵͳķ
    -qʾϢ˳޶һ㲻ʾ
    ע  LinuxȱʡǲquotaģûҪquotaϵͳ֡
   3
    lark:->quota
   Disk quotas for users fangh (uid 10000):none
   lark:->
    64.rcp
    1
    rcpڼ俽ļ
    2ֲ˵
   rcp [-px][-k realm]Դļ Ŀļ
    rcp[-px][-r][-k realm]Դļб  ĿĿ¼
   -rԴļĿ¼򿽱Ŀ¼ĿļҲĿ¼
   -pļ޸ʱͷȨޡ
    -kҪrcpⲿɡ
    -xDESܡ
   ע  ҪɹؿļûĿϾrshȨμrshrlogin
    3ӻsiskinϿļ
    lark:-> rcp siskin:/home/fangh/mbox./mbox
   lark:->
    65.reset
    1
   resetն˸λ
    ʹն˵ĹУʱᷢĻַ""ˣʱʹresetͿԻָ·PSPICE󣬾ͻᷢĻַңʹresetͻָresettputն˷λźšĻCtrl+SסˣCtrl+Q
   2ն˸λ
    lark:->reset
    66.rm
   1
    rmɾļĿ¼
   2ֲ˵
   rm [-dfirvR][--directory][--force][--interactive]
   [--recursive][--help][--version][--verbose]ļб. . .
   -d, --directoryѡunlinkrmdirɾĿ¼ֻгûȨʹáɾʹĿ¼ΪգѡĿ¼ǿʱĿ¼еļضʧִfsck޸ļϵͳ
   -f, --forceԲڵļҲûκʾ
   -i, --interactiveɾÿļʱʾûѡ"y""n"
   -r, -R, --recursiveĿ¼ɾĿ¼
    -v, --verboseɾÿļʱļϢ
   --helpڱ׼Ϣ˳
   --versionڱ׼汾Ϣ˳     
ע LINUX
"-f"ļļɾȸ"--"ѡ"-f"ѡļ"rm-- -fle"ɾļ"-file"ɾļаַļʱ"\+ַ"""ļҪɾļ"this is a test"
rm this/\is \a \test
rm"this is a test"
Ҫرע⣬ʹrm-rf*ûǳûrootʹôôϵͳļɾUNIX»ָļһ
ܵ顣ҪԴ⽨ûrmΪ"rm-i"뵽ûĵ¼ļС
    3ɾļdestfile
    lark:->rm -v destfile
    destfile
    lark:-> 
    67.rmdir
    1    
    rmdirɾյĿ¼
    2ֲ˵
  rm"this is a test">
    rmid[-p][--parents][-help][--version]Ŀ¼б. . .
   -p --parentsrm -pdir/dir2ɾdir2dirlѾΪĿ¼ɾĿ¼dir1
    --helpڱ׼Ϣ˳
    --versionڱ׼汾Ϣ˳
    3ɾĿ¼test
   lark:->rmdir test
   lark:->
   68.set
1 
set:ʾû
unset:ɾ
2 ֲ˵
set=ֵ
粻ʾǰã
unset
shellڽ
3 
lark:->set term=vt100     ñtermΪvt100
lark:->unset term         ɾ term
69.sh
1
bash
70.sleep
1
sleep:ӳ趨ʱ䡣
2ֲ˵
sleep[--help] [--version] number[smhd]
sleepӳ number+smhdʱ䡣
Smhdĺǣ
S          hСʱ
m        d
--help:ڱ׼Ϣ˳
--version:ڱ׼汾Ϣ˳
3
  lark:->sleep 1 m    ȴ1
  lark:->

  
 
  
   71 sort
   1
    setıļ
   2ֲ˵
    sort [-cmus][-t][-o ļ][-TʱĿ¼]
   [-bdfiMr][+POS1[-POS2]][-k POS1[,POS2]][ļб. . .]
   sort {--help, --version}
    sortʹ÷ʽȱʡǽıļ򣬻Ժϲļ
    -cļǷѾûϢ˳
    -mļбеļΪһ򣬲ϲÿļȸ
    -bʱ׵Ŀհס
    -d绰Ŀ¼ʽĸֺͿհַ
    -fСдĸдĸ"b"Ϊ"B"
    -iASCIIַ벻ڷΧ040-0176ַ֮
    -Mÿһпͷ·ݵӢдǰĸĻ·ݴС
    -nִСĸ˳
   -r
    -oļضļȡȱʡı׼
    -t趨ļȡȱʡĿո
    +POS1[POS2]ÿһеĵPOS1еPOS2粻POS2β
    -k POS1[,POL2]ͬϡ
    --helpڱ׼Ϣ˳
    --versionڱ׼汾Ϣ˳    
    3гļtestfileݣ
    lark:->cat testfile
    231
   this is a test
   1231
   do you know
    321
   let's go
   lark:->sort testfile    ļtestfile
   1231
    231
    321
   do you know
   let's go
   this is a test
   lark:->sort -n testfile    ļtestfilִС
    231
   321
   1231
    do you know
   let's go
    this is a test
  lark:->
    72.split
    1
    splitָļ
    2ֲ˵ 
   split [-lines] [-l lines][-h bytes[bkm]][-C bytes[bkm]]
    [--lines=lines]  [--bytes=bytes[btm]]  [--line-
   bytes=bytes[bkm]]  [--help][--version] [ļ[ļ]]
   ļΪļƣԶaa,ab,ac,. . . .ȱʡΪx
    -lines,-l lines, --lines=linesļжlinesУȻдһµļ
   -b bytes[bkm], --bytes=bytes[bkm]ļжbytesb -512أk -1 K,m-1ףСݣȻдһµļ
   -C bytes[bkm], --line-bytes=bytes[bkm]дÿļһеĴСΪbytesС
   -helpڱ׼Ϣ˳
    -versionڱ׼汾Ϣ˳
    3ָļtcsh.txt
    lark:->split tcsh.txt tcsh.txt
    lark:->ls -la tcsh*
    -rw-r--r-- 1 fangh   users       252409  Sep 19 13:30  tcsh.txt
    -rw-r--r-- 1 fangh   users       48074   Sep 19 13:30  tcsh.txt.aa
    -rw-r--r-- 1 fangh   users       46000   Sep 19 13:30  tcsh.txt.ab
    -rw-r--r-- 1 fangh   users       46097   Sep 19 13:30  tcsh.txt.ac
    -rw-r--r-- 1 fangh   users       47867   Sep 19 13:30  tcsh.txt.ad
    -rw-r--r-- 1 fangh   users       43427   Sep 19 13:30  tcsh.txt.ae
    -rw-r--r-- 1 fangh   users       20944   Sep 19 13:30  tcsh.txt.af
    lark:->
    1
    sttyûʾն
    2ֲ˵
   stty[. . .]
    stty{-a,--all,-g,--help,--save,--version}
   sttyǰն"-"ʾرո趨趨
    [-]parenbʱżУλұʱҲżУ顣
    [-]paroddΪУ顣
    cs6 cs6 cs7 cs8ַСΪ5678ء
    [-]hupcl[-]huphնһ̽ʱͳhangupźš
    [-]cstopbÿַֹͣλ"-"ʱΪһ
    [-]creak롣
    [-]clocalֹƽźš
    [-]crtscts(np)ʹRTS/CTSźš
    趨
    [-]ignbrkbreakַ
    [-]brkintbreakַһжϡ
    [-]ignparżУַ
    [-]parmrk־Уַ
    [-]inpckʹܶżУ顣
    [-]istripַĸ߰λ㡣
    [-]inlcrзתΪس
    [-]igncrԻس
    [-]icrnlسתΪз
    [-]ixonʹXON/XOFFơ
    [-]ixoff[-]tandem뻺ַֹͣ뻺ʱʼַ
    [-]iuclc(np)дַתΪСдַ
    [-]ixany(np)κַ
    [-]imaxbel(np)µַʱ뻺壬ǲ建塣
    [-]olcuc(np)СдĸתΪдĸ
    [-]ocrnl(np)سתΪµĻз
    [-]onlcr(np)зתΪسӻз
    [-]onocr(np)ڵһس
    [-]ofill(np)ַʱӳ١
    [-]ofdel(np)ʹɾհ׷Ϊʱʹõַ
    nll n10 (np)ӳ͡
    cr3 cr2 cr1 cr0 (np)سӳ͡ 
    tab3 tab2 tab1 tab0 (np)ˮƽƱӳ͡
    bs1 bs0 (np)˸ӳ͡
    vt1 vo0(np)ֱƱӳ͡
    ff1 ff0 (np)ӳ͡
    ã
    [-]isigʹжϣ˳ַ
    [-]icanonʹɾɱַ
    [-]iextenʹܷPOSIX׼ַ
    [-]echoԡ
   [-]echoe,[-]crteraseɾΪ˸-ո-˸
   [-]echokɱС
   [-]echonlûлַʱҲС
   [-]noflshжϺ˳ַֹջ塣
   [-]xcase(np)icanon"\"СдĸʾӦĴдĸ
   [-]tostop(np)ֹͣں̨ҵն
   [-]echoprt[-]prterase(np)ڷ"\""/"֮佫ɾΪ˷
   [-]echoctl[-]ctlecho(np)' ^c'ʽƷ
   [-]evenp[-]parityͬparenb -parodd cs7'-'ͬ-parenb cs8
   [-]oddpͬparenb parodd cs7'-'ͬ-parenb cs8
   [-]nlͬ-icrnl -onlcr'-'ͬicrnl
   ϲ趨
   ekɾɱõȱʡֵ
   saneõȱʡֵ
    [-]pass8ͬ-parenb-istrip cs8'-'ͬparenb istrip cs7
    [-]litoutͬ-parenb -istrip -opost cs8'-'ͬparenb istrip opost cs7
    ַ
    intrͳжźš
    quitͳ˳źš
    eraseɾһַ
    killɾǰС
    eofͳļ
    eolн
    eol2(np)н
    swtch(np)ͬSHELL֮л
    start¿ʼ
    stopֹͣ
    suspͳնֹͣ
   dsusp(np)뻺ͳնֹͣ
   rprnt(np)ػ浱ǰС
    werase(np)ɾһʡ
   趨
    minN趨-icanonضʱҪNַ
    TimeN趨һѡضʱ䡣
    ispeed N趨ٶΪN
    ospeed N趨*N
    rows N (np)֪ͨϵͳնNС
    cols N columns N (np)֪ͨϵͳնNС
    size(np)ϵͳ֪ն˵
    line N(np)ʹ趨N
    speedն˵ٶȡ
    N趨ٶΪNNΪ
    0 50 75 110 134 134.5 150 200 300 600 1200 1800 2400 4800 9600 19200 38400 exta extb
extaͬ19200extbͬ38400趨0趨-clocalն˽
    ѡ
    -a, --allá
   -g, --saveãʽΪһsttyԻָǰõĸʽ
    --helpڱ׼Ϣ˳
    --versionڱ׼汾Ϣ˳
    3ǰã
    lark:->stty -a
   speed 9600 baud;row 0; columns 0;line =0;
   intr=^C;quit=^\;eras=^?;kill=^U;eof=^D;eol=<undef>;
   eol2=<undef>;start=^Q;stop=^S;susp=^Z;rprnt=^R;werase=^W;
   lnext=^V;flush=^O;min=1;time=0;
   -parenb -parodd cs8 -hupcl -cstopb cread -clocal -crtscts
   -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr icrnl ixon
   -ixoff
   -iucle -ixany -imaxbel
   opost -olcuc -ocnl onlcr -onocr -onlret -ofill -ofell -ofdel nl0 cr0 tab0 bs0
    vt0 ff0
   isig icanon iexten echo echoe echok -echonl -noflsh -xcase -tostop
    -echoprt
    echoctl echoke
   lark:->
    74.sync
    1
    syncLINUXļϵͳĻ
   ϵͳCPUֹͣǰøϵͳĻдӲ̡REBOOTHALTָøջLINUXŵ֮һǴ̴ȡٶȿ죬Ϊõڴ涼ˣϵͳǰ뽫գͻᶪʧϢݡ뿴Linus˵ģ"syncֻ֤һʱڽдӲ̣ҪһʱдеݣûִϹػĻԵƬ̡"REBOOTHALTûЩ
    update -ԵLINUXļϵͳĻ
    ֹģʽһȱʡÿ5дһЩ飨syncһÿ30һsyncϵͳʱupdateҵӦԽԽãSLACKWARE汾/etc/rc.d/rc.SеĵڶupdateĽ̺һ13
    2ֲ˵
    update[ѡ]
    -Sֻʹsync
    -a룺趨syncʱȱʡ30롣
    -f룺趨ȱʡʽʱȱʡ5롣
    75.su
    1
    suıûIDΪû
    ΪJulianne Frances Hargh(jfh@tab.com)
    suһûһ¼shellв˳ͿԱһû治suȱʡرɳûִsuʱû룬벻ȷ򽫸Ϣ˳suĶᱻϵͳ¼һlogļУԱ̽˭ڶ⹥ϵͳsu֮󣬵ǰлᱻݹȥ·ֵPATHΪ/bin:/usr/binһû/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/binԳûȱʡֵͨıļ/etc/login.defsеENV_PATHֵENY_SUPATHֵı䡣
    2ֲ˵
    su [-][û[]]
    suԸsuû-cͻڸıûIDִӦ˳
   3Ϊûfangh
   lark:->su fangh
   Password
    >whoani
   fangh
    >
   76.sudo
   1
    suduԳûִĳЩ
    visudo༭ʹsudoûб
    ϵͳУʱҪĳЩûĲϵͳȨԱִĳЩϵͳshutdown,halt,lpcϵͳԱֲԸȫϵͳȨʱsudoͷǳˡSudoͬûԳûִָSudoһ/etc/sudoersļж˭ȨûSudoʾû뿪ʼһNӵĿʹõʱ䣨NڰװĽ޶ȱʡֵΪ5ӽԶ˳
   SudoersļһѡԵhost aliasһѡԵָcommand aliasԼû˵user specificationɵġеָԼĹؼΪʼHost_Alias/Cmnd_Aliasע⣬ֻеһʹõûû˵м¼ûʹʱ˵
    û˵ʽ
    û Ȩ[:Ȩ]. . .
    Ȩ飺==[op]ָ[,[op]ָ]. . .
   𣺣Сд
   ָ𣺣ָָ
    op''񶨷
    ʽ
   Host_Aliasб
    Host_Aliasһؼ֡
    һдı
    бԶżһЩ
   ָʽ
    Cmnd_Aliasָָб
    Cmnd_Aliasһؼ֡
    ָһдı
    ָбԶżһЩָ
    ""źע⡣̫пʹ"\"ֳµСı"ALL"{Host,Cmnd}_AliasﶼʹáҪʹùؼ"ALL"һЧ
    ע⣬"ALL"ȫָ
    ûʹ﷨жеһЩĿ
    user host =ALL,!ALIASI,!/etc/halt. . .
sudoersļķļ
    # Host alias specification
    Host_Alias   HUB=houdini.rootgroup.com:\
               REMOTE=merlin,kodiakthorn,spirit
    Host_Alias   MACHINES=kalkan,alpo,milkbones
    Host_Alias   SERVERS=houdini,merlin,kodiakthorn,spirit
    #Command alias specification
     Cmnd_Alias  LPCS=/usr/etc/lpc,/usr/ucb/lprm
     Cmnd_Alias  SHELLS=/bin/sh,/bin/csh,/bin/tcsh
     Cmnd_Alias  MISC=/bin/rm,/bin/cat:\
                 SHUTDOWN=/etc/halt,/etc/shutdown
     # User specification
     britt        REMOTE=SHUTDOWN:ALL=LPCS
      robh      ALL=ALL,!SHELLS
     nieusma   SERVERS=SHUTDOWN,/etc/reboot:\
               HUB=ALL,!SHELLS
    jill         houdini.rootgroup.com=/etc/shutdown,MISC
   markm      HUB=ALL,!MISC,!/etc/shutdown,!/etc/halt
   billp        ALL=/usr/local/bin/top:MACHINES=SHELLS
   davechieb   merlin=ALL:SERVES=/etc/halt:\
              kodiakthorn=ALL
   sudoers˵ļ4˵4ָ˵Լ7û˵ɵġBrittԶ˻merlin,kodiakthorn,sprirtִ/etc/halt,/etc/shutdown/usr/etc/lpqԼ/usr/ucb/lprmRohnκλִгSHELLָκָJillڻhoudiniִ/etc/shotdown,/bin/rmԼ/bin/catDavehiebڻmerlinԼkodiakthorִκָҿhalt
    SudoersļӦvisudo༭סļҼ﷨ԱļSudoƳ4.3BSDsyslogging¼ҲʹûԼlog¼һûбȨûִsudoĻһmailӸû͵صĹԱLinuxȱʡrootе趨ڰװʱsudo.hMakefile壬LinuxȱʡǰװõִļûҪĵĻҪ±밲װ
   ״Լָ
   sudoersļʹhost specifieԱʹȫַţuser ALL,!SERVERS,. . .=commands
   sudoresļûͬ/ָһ
    2ֲ˵
   sudo
   3sudohalt
    lark:->sudo halt
   77.tail
   1
    tailʾļһ
    2ֲ˵ 
   tail [-c[+]N[bkm]][-n[+]N][-fqv][--bytes=[+]N[bkm]]
   [--lines=[+]N][--follow][--quiet][--silent][--verbose]
  [--help][--version][ļб]
   tailȱʡʾļбеÿļʮУûļļΪ"-"ӱ׼жȡļжļļǰ" >ļ<"Ա֡
   -c N, --bytes Nʾļ󲿵NشСĲ֣NԸbkm
   b512صĿ顣
   k1kĿ顣
   m1MĿ顣
   -f--followļСĻtailļʾ
   -l, -n N, --lines NʾļĩβNС
   -v,--verboseһֱ"= =>ļ<= ="ʽļ
   --helpڱ׼Ϣ˳
   --versionڱ׼汾Ϣ˳
   3ʾļ/etc/DIR_COLORSУ
    lark:->tail -v -n 3/etc/DIR_COLORS
    = => /etc/DIR_COLORS<= =
   .xbm 01:35
   .xpm 01:35
   .tif 01:35
   lark:->
   78.tar
   1
   tarGNUļݵĹߡ
    2ֲ˵ 
   tar [-] A --catenate --concatenate | c --create |d --diff --compare |r --append | t --list | u-update |x
-extract --get [--atime -preserve][-b, --block-size N][-B, --read--full-blocks][-C, --directory DIR][
--checkpoint][-f, --file[HOSTNAME:]F][--force-local][-F,--info--script F--neo--volume-script F][
 -G, --incrementat][-g, --listed-incremental F][-h, --dereference][-i, --ignore-zeros][--ignore-failed-
read][-k, --keep-old-fils][-k, --starting-file F][-l,--one-file-system][-L, --tape-lengthN][-m,
--modification-time][-M,--multi-volume] [-N, --after-date DATE, --newer DATE][-o, --old-
archive, --portability][-O, --to-stdout][-p, --same-permissions, --preserve-permissions][-P, --absolute-paths] [--preserve][-R, --record-number][--remove-files]
[-s,--same-order, --preserve-order][--same-owner]
[-s,--sparse][-T,--files-from F][--null][--totals][-v,--verbose][-v, --label NAME]
[-version] [-w, --inteactive, --confirmation][-W,--verify][--exclude FILE][-X,--exclude-from FILE]
[-Z, --compress,--uncompress][-z, --gzip, --ungzip],[-use-compress-progran PROG][--block-compress][-[0-7][lmh]]
[ļб]
[Ŀ¼б]
tarǶһûúɿʵó򣬴ӹ鵵ʣһŴҲͨļϱͻָļҲܴ֮ļ鵵гȡļ
   -A, --catenate, --concatenate鵵ļ׷һtarļ
   -c, --createµĹ鵵ļ
   -d, --diff, -compare鵵ļļϵͳϵļȽϡ
   --deleteӹ鵵ļɾļܹڴŴϣ
   -r, --append鵵ļĩβ׷ļ
   -t, --listԹ鵵ļĿ¼
   -u, --updateֻ׷ӱȹ鵵ļеļµļ
   -x, -extract, --getӹ鵵ļнļ
   --atime-preserveıļķʴ
    -b, --block-size NСΪN512أNȱʡΪ20
    -B, --read-full-bolcksΪ4.2BSD衣
    -C,--directory DIRĿ¼ΪDIR
    --checkpointڶ鵵ļʱļ
   -f, --file[HOSTNAME:]Fʹ豸F鵵ļ
   -force-localǿ趨鵵ļΪļ
   -F, --info-script F --new-volume-script FΪÿ̴ŵĽβִ趨Ľűļ
   -G, --incrementalϵGNUʽ/г/⿪鵵ļ
   -g, --listed-incremental FµGNUʽ/г/⿪鵵ļ
   -h, --dereferenceӶָļ
   -i, --ignore-zoresblockļ
   --ignore-failed-readļɶʱ˳
   -k, --keep-old-filesڴӹ鵵ļͷļʱдļ
   -K,--starting-file Fӹ鵵ļĵFļʼ
   -l, --one-file-systemֻڱļϵͳ鵵ļ
   -L, --tape-length NдN*1024byte󻻴Ŵ
   -m, --modification-time鵵ʱıļ޸ʱ䡣
   -M, --multi-volume/г/⿪Ĺ鵵ļ
   -N, --after-date DATE, --newer DATEֻűDATEµļ
   -o, --old-archive,--portability;ɵV7ʽţȱʡΪANSIʽ
   -O, --to-stdoutļ⿪׼
   -p, --same-permissions, --preserve-permissions⿪ļʱָзơ
   -P, --absolute-paths⿪ļʱʹþ·
   --preserveͬ-p -s
  -R, --record-numberʾ鵵ļڲм¼
  --remover-filesļ鵵ɾԴļ
  -s, --same-order, --preserve-orderʾͬ鵵ļ˳һļ
  --same-owner⿪ļʱָԭߡ
  -S, --sparseЧϡļ
  -T, --files-from FļFжȡҪͷŻ⿪ļ
  --nullʹ-TԶȡпոļβ-C
    --totalsڴļʱʾֽ    
    -v, --verboseϢ
    -V, --label NAMEþNAME鵵ļ
    --version汾š
    --w, --interactive, --confirmationÿһǰҪȷϡ
    -W, --verifyڴļУ顣
    --exclude FILEļFILE鵵
    -X, --exclude-from FILEļFILEгļ鵵
    -Z, --compress, --uncompresscompressѹ鵵ļ
    -z, --gzip, --ungzipgzipѹ鵵ļ
   -use-compress-program PROGԶѹPROGѹ鵵ļ
   -block-compressѹĹ鵵ļɿ飬ԱŴʹá
   -[0-7][1mh]趨Ŵܶȡ
   3ǰĿ¼.txtļѹ鵵ļbak.tar.gz
    lark:>tar czvf bak.tar.gz ./* .txt
    ./tcsh.txt
    Ŀ¼./sec鵵ļsec.tar.gz
    lark:->tar czvf sec.tar.gz ./sec
    ./sec/
   ./sec/advance_edu.tgz
   ./sec/email
   ./sec/doc.tar
   lark:->
   79.tcsh
   1
   tcshһļԶб༭ܵC shell
   tcshĲUNIXC SHELLǿ汾ȿΪһʽĵ¼SHELLֿΪűļĴ
   2ֲ˵
   -bǿtcshֹԲĴڴѡ֮ĲΪݸtcsh
   -c-ctcshִ˳
   -dļ-/.cshdirsжĿ¼ջ
   -Dname[=value]ûnameֵΪvalue
   -etcshִ󷵻ֵΪֵʱ˳tcsh
   -ftcshļ-/.tcshrctcshĹ̻ӿ졣
   -FtcshʹforkcforkԲ½̡
   -iʹ׼벻ΪնˣҲΪʽshell
   -lshellΪ¼shell
   -mtcshӵǰĿ¼¶ȡ-/.tcshrcʹĿ¼ΪǰûĸĿ¼
   -nǲִС
   -qtcshSIGQUITźš
   -sӱ׼뵽
   -tʹtcshֻһдµʱ"/"һн롣
   tcshΪ¼shellʱȶȡϵͳļ/etc/csh.cshrc/etc/csh.login.ŵûĸĿ¼ȥȡ-/.tcshrcû-/.tcshrcȥȡ-/.cshrcŶȡ-/.history-/.login-/.cshdirsǵ¼shellʱֻȡ/etc/csh.cshrc-/.tcshrc
   б༭ʹ÷༭¼ʷ¼ѡҼǰƶб༭
    бûʱܼסĿ¼ȫʱtcsh԰ûʣಿֲȫû"/usr/lost"ǺĲ֣ʱûֻҪTABtcshͻԶʣĲֲȫ--"/usr/lost+found./"ûĲжƥ"/usr/l"TAB޷ȫʱûֻ"Ctrl+D"tcshûгƥ"lib/local@lost+found/"ûͿԼѡˡ
   ƴд飺ñcorrectֵΪcmdtcshûʾ
   >set correct=cmd
    >ls/usr/bin
    CORRECT>ls/usr/bin(y|n|e|a)?
   شyesͻὫlzΪls⣬tcshռڴashҪ400kΪ1.2Mңûڴ治ĻԻshell
   ϵĽֻһЩԵĽܣTCSHǿдûʵȥ򡣻ʹman tcshȥ鿴tcshûֲᡣ
  80.tee
   1
   teeӱ׼жȡ׼ļд롣
  2ֲ˵
   tee [-ai] [--append] [--ignore-interrupts] [--help]
   [--version] [ļб]
   -a, --append׼׷ӵļĺȱʡĸ
   -i, --ignore-interruptжźš
   --helpڱ׼Ϣ˳
   --versionڱ׼汾Ϣ˳
   3ض򵽱׼ļoutУ
   lark:->tee out
   this is a test
   this is a test
   lark:->cat out
   this is a test
   fish:->
   81.test
   1
   testȽļͲӦֵ
   2ֲ˵
   test[ʽ]
   test[--help, --version]
   testڱʽΪʱ򷵻0ڱʽΪٵʱ򷵻1еıʽ£
   -bļļΪļΪ档
   -cļļΪַļΪ档
    -dļļΪĿ¼Ϊ档
    -eļļΪ档
    -fļļΪͨļΪ档
    -gļļΪΪ档
    -kļļʵļΪ档
    -LļļΪļΪ档
    -pļļΪܵļΪ档
    -rļļҿɶΪ档
    -sļļұһļΪ档
    -SļļΪsocketļΪ档
    -t[fd]fdһնϴΪ档
    -uļļûIDλΪ1Ϊ档
    -wļļҿдΪ档
    -xļļҿִΪ档
    -OļļΪЧûΪ档
    -GļļΪЧΪ档
    ļ1 -ntļ2ļ1ļ2Ϊ档
    ļ1 -ot ļ2ļ1ļ2Ϊ档
    -zַַΪ0Ϊ档
    -nַַȲΪ0Ϊ档
    ַ1ַ2ַΪ档  
    ַ1ַ2ַΪ档
    ʽʽΪΪ档
    ʽ1-aʽ2ʽ1ͱʽ2Ϊ򷵻档
    ʽ1-oʽ2ʽ1ʽ2ֻҪһΪͷ档
    1 OP2OPΪ-eq, -ne, -lt, -gt, -ge
    һΪshellʹá
    82.time
    timeȡΪλĵǰʱ䡣
    ȡô00:00:00 GMT,January 1,1970ʼʱ䡣
    2
    lark:->time
    0.170u 0.400s 12:48.52 0.0%   0+0k 0+0io 2229pf+0w
    lark:->
    83.top
    1
    topʾϵͳ̡߽
    topԼʱʾǰϵͳռCPUʱḶ̌ͬʱṩһĽûԹ۲ϵͳ԰CPUʹռڴСеʱԽϵͳһزٵĹߡ
    2ֲ˵
    top[-][d delay][q][c][S][s][i]
    d趨ˢĻʱ
    qѡʹtopˢʱΪ㣬ǳûʹѡĻtopȼС
    S趨ۻģʽһ̵CPUʱӽĵʱ䡣
    sʹtop԰ȫʽУ벻Ӧ
    I̺ͽʬ̡
    cʾС
   topʱhͿԹۿtopİ
    3
    lark:->top
    10:16pm up2 days, 7:53, 2users, load average;0.14, 0.08,0.06
    66 processes:5sleeping, 1 running, 0 zombie, 0stopped
    CPUstates:4.7%user, 1.3%system, 5.6%nice,94.4%idle
    Mem:63104Kav, 60608K used, 2496K free, 35332Kshrd, 9836Kbuff
    Swap:128516K av, 292used, 128224K free
    PID USER    PRI NI  SIZE  RSS SHARE STAT LIB %CPU %MEM TIME COMMAND
   5968 root     15 0 11672  11672  1520 S       0  4.1 18.4   3:41X
  10944 fangh   17 0    460   460   344 R       0  1.1  0.7   0:00top
  10356 bbs      1 0    384   384   292 S       0  0.1  0.6   0:00 bbsnnrp
  10359 bbs      1 0    396   396   282 S       0  0.1  0.6   0:00 bbsnnrp
  9526 root       1 0    500   500   388S       0  0.1  0.7   0:00 in.telnetd
  7823 chenxy    1 0   2144   2144  1232S       0  0.1  3.3   0:00 cxterm
     1 root       0 0    320   320   252 S       0  0.0  0.5   0:05 init
     2 root       0 0      0     0     0 SW     0  0.0  0.0   0:00 kflushd
     3 root     -12-12     0     0     0 SW     0  0.0  0.0   0:00 kswapd
     4 root       0 0      0     0     0 SW     0  0.0  0.0   0:00 nfsion
     5 root       0 0      0     0     0 SW     0  0.0  0.0   0:00 nfsiod
     6 root       0 0      0     0     0 SW     0  0.0  0.0   0:00 nfsiod
     7 root       0 0      0     0     0 SW     0  0.0  0.0   0:00 nfsiod
  9502 root       0 0    292   292   236 S       0  0.0  0.4   0:00 agetty
   120 root       0 0    544   544   400 S       0  0.0  0.8   0:12 nmbd
    14 root       0 0    284   284   228 S       0  0.0  0.4   0:00 kerneld
    84.touch
    1
    touchıļʱ
    touchļķʱ䣬޸ʱΪϵͳĵǰʱ䣬ļһյļ
    2ֲ˵
    touch [-acfm] [-r reference-file] [-t MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.SS]]  [-dtime]
    [--time={atime, access,use,mtime,modify}] [--date=time]
    [--file=reference-file] [--no-create][--help] [--version]
    -a, --time=atime, --time=access, --time=useֻıʱ䡣
    -c, --no-createĿļڣҲļ
    -d, --date timeǣʹtimeĿǰʱ䡣
    -fΪͬBSD汾touchݡ
    -m, --time=mtime, --time=modifyֻı޸ʱ䡣
    -r, --file reference-fileļreference-fileʱ浱ǰʱ䡣
    -t MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]ʹôָʽʱ浱ǰʱ䡣
    --helpڱ׼Ϣ˳
    --versionڱ׼汾Ϣ˳
    3ǰĿ¼µļʱ޸Ϊǰʱ䣺
    lark:->touch *
    lark:-> ls -l
    total 1883
   drwx------     2 fangh     users      1024    Sep    21:07  Mail/
   -rw-r--r--      1 fangh     users     71209    Sep    21:07  bak.tar.gz
   drwx------     7 fangh     users      1024    Sep    21:07  circle/
   -rw-rw-r--     1 fangh     users   1208006    Sep    21:07  circle.tgz
   -rw-r--r--      1 fangh     users    378880    Sep    21:07  sec.tar.gz
   -rw-r--r--      1 fangh     userw    252409   Sep    21:07  tcsh.txt
   lark:->       
    85.tr
    1
    tr滻ɾַ
    ӱ׼жȡ룬׼
    2ֲ˵
   tr [-cat] [--complement] [--squeeze-repeats] [--truncate-set] [--truncate-set 1] ַ1ַ2
   tr {-s, --squeeze-repeats} [-c][--complement]ַ
   tr{-d, --delete} [-c] ַ1
   tr{-d, --delete} {-s, --squeeze-repeats} [-c] [--complement]ַ1ַ2
    -c, --complemenַ1
    -d, --deleteɾַ1滻
    -s, --squeeze-repeatsַ˳滻Ϊһ˳
    -t, --truncate-set1ַ1ַĵطضϡ
    --helpڱ׼Ϣ˳
    --versionڱ׼汾Ϣ˳
    3еabc滻Ϊddd
    lark:->tr abc ddd
    I love abc
    I love ddd
   86.tty
    1
    ttyʾĿǰնõtty
    ttyķֵ
    0׼һtty
    1׼һtty
    2
    3д
    2ֲ˵
    tty [-a] [--silent] [--quiet] [-help] [--version] -s, --silent, --quietκϢֵֻ
    --helpڱ׼Ϣ˳
    --versionڱ׼汾Ϣ˳
    3ʾĿǰնõtty
    lark:->tty
    /dev/ttypl
    lark:->
    87.umout,mount
   1
    mountװһļϵͳ
    umountжһļϵͳ
   2ֲ˵
    mount [-hV]
    mount -a [-fFnrvw] [-t vfstype]
    mount [-fnrvw] [-o options [, . . .]] device | dir
    mount [-fnrvw] [-t vfstype] [-o options] device dir
    umount [-h V]
    umount -a [-n] [-v] [-t vfstypes]
    umount [-n] [-v] special | node. . .
    -VȨϢ
    -hϢ
    -vУģʽ 
    -amountļ/etc/fstabеļϵͳ 
    -Fͬ-aãmountļϵͳ   
    -fͬ-vãʵmountֻǼ
    -nmountļϵͳ󲻾дļ/etc/mtab
    -rļϵͳmountΪֻģʽ
    -wļϵͳmountΪдģʽ
    -t vfstypeָļϵͳ͡
    пmountϵͳ/usr/scr/linux/fs/filesystems.cж壺
    minix, ext, ext2, xiafs, hpfs, msdos, umdos, vfat, proc,
   nfs, iso9660, smbfs, ncpfs, affs, ufs, romfs, sysv, xenix
    -oѡ趨mountһЩ
    asyncļϵͳ뱻첽д롣
    atimeÿηʱiڵķʱ¡
    autoԶѡļϵͳ͡
    defaultsʹȱʡѡsuid, dev, exec, auto, nouser, async
    devļϵͳϵ豸ļ
    execļϵͳϵĿִļ
    noatimeÿηʱiڵķʱ¡
    noautoֹԶѡļϵͳ͡
    nodevֹļϵͳϵ豸ļ
    noexecֹļļϵͳϵĿִļ
    nosuid趨ûIDλ趨λá
   nouserֹǳûʹá
   remountmountһѾmountļϵͳ
   roļϵͳmountΪֻģʽ
   rwļϵͳmountΪдģʽ
   suid趨ûIDλ趨λá
   syncļϵͳ뱻ͬд롣
   userǳûʹá
   ӲгϵͳĿǰmountļϵͳ
    3гϵͳĿǰmountļϵͳ
    lark:->mount
    /dev/hdal on / type ext2_(rw)
    none on/ proc type proc(rw)
    /dev/hda3 on/home type ext2(rw)
    /dev/hda2on/usr/local type ext2(rw)
    lark:->
    ع
    lark:->mount/dev/hdb/mnt
    88.uname
    1
    unameʾϵͳϢ
    2ֲ˵
    uname [-snrvma][--sysname][--nodename][--release]
    [--machine][--all][--help][--version]
    -m, --machineʾӲࡣ
    -n, --nodenameʾڵ
    -r, --releaseʾϵͳ汾
    -s, --sysnameʾϵͳơ
    -vʾϵͳ汾
    -a, -allʾϢ
    --helpڱ׼Ϣ˳
    --versionڱ׼汾Ϣ˳
    3ʾlarkȫϢ
    lark:->uname -a
    Linux lark 2.0.30 #3 Tue Jun 24 03:49:52 CDT 1997 I586 unkown
    lark:->
    89.unarj, unzip, lha
    1
    DOSõѹadj, pkzipڵlhaǲѹļLinuxչأҪõunarj, unzip,lhaˣ÷ͬdosµͬ÷һֻעunarjlhaǰȨûԴģGNUunarjunzipֻܽѹѹ
    2ֲ˵
    unarj 1ѹļ鿴ѹļĿ¼
    unarj xѹļ⿪ѹļ
    unzip -vѹļ鿴ѹļĿ¼
    unzip -d ѹļ⿪ѹļ
    lha lѹļ鿴ѹļĿ¼
    lha xѹļ⿪ѹļ
    lha aѹļ Դļѹļ
    90.uniq
    1
    uniqһźļɾظС
    2ֲ˵
    uniq [-cdu] [-f skip-fields] [-s skip-chars] [-w check-chars]
    [-# skip-fields] [+#skip-chars] [--count]
    [--skip-chars=skip-chars] [--check-chars=check-chars]
    [--help] [-version][ļ][ļ]
    -u, --uniqueֻһ޶С
    -d, --repeatedֻظС
    -c, --countظеظ
    -number, -f, --skin-fields=numberѡʼȽϵnumberΪԵ򣬸֮TABոֿġ
    +number, -s, --skip-chars=numberѡʼȽϵַnumberΪԵַ
    -w, --check-chars=numberѡȽ϶ٸַ
    --helpڱ׼Ϣ˳
    --versionڱ׼汾Ϣ˳
    粻ָļԱ׼棬粻ָļԱ׼档
    3ļsourcefile׼
    lark:->cat sourcefile
    abcd
    abcd
   abcde123
    abcd
   lark->uniq -c sourcefile
       2 abcd
       1 abcde123
       1 abcd
    lark:->
    91.uudecode,uuencode
    1
    uuencodeһļΪһıļ
   uudecodeuuencodeļԭ
   Internetδʮַʱ򣬺ܶûֻʹE-mailҪĻһʮ鷳飬ΪE-MailֱӴͶļuuencodeuudecodeͳΪʮõߡuuencodeıļbegin644Ϊʼ־endΪ־мľǱļļԴļ35ҡuuencodeļ׼ҪļʹùܵܽضһļС
    2ֲ˵
    uuencodeԴļ  ʱʹõļ
    uudecode Ҫļ
    3ļsourcefileб룺
    lark:->uuencode sourcefile sf
    begin 664sf
    886)C9'IA8F-D"F%B8V1E,3(S"F%B8V0*'
    end
    lark:->
    Ŀ¼tempѹmailûfangh
    lark:->tar cvf -./tepm |gzip |uuencode temp.tar.gz |mail fangh
    ./temp/
    ./temp/sourcefil
    lark:->
    92.vi
    1
    viǿUNIX༭
    viUNIXͨõȫ༭UNIXṩ༭Linuxṩviļǿ-vimͬviȫݵġviԭ"visual"ӱ༭ûĻʾǿı༭ܿͬκһµı༭ѧviûκһ̨UNIXSUNHPAIXSGILinuxFreeBSD϶ԵӦֵر༭ļ
    2ֲ˵
    ֻҪϼviͿԽviı༭
    vi״̬״̬Լָ״̬û״̬¿ָ״ִ̬дļ浵뿪viȲִviȽָ״̬ʱκַΪָ"viļ"viԶװļʼһļviĻ󷽻ֲ˺ "-"ΪС
    ״̬أΪӦָ
    ׷ӣappend
    aӹλú濪ʼ׷֣׷ӵƶ
    Aӹĵطʼ׷֡
   루insert
    i ӹλǰ濪ʼ֣׷ӵƶ
    Iӹеĵһǿհַǰ濪ʼ֡
    ʼopen
    oڹһв״̬
    OڹϷһв״̬
    xɾַ
    ddɾڵС
    r ޸ĹַҪַ
    R д״ֻ̬Ḳԭ֡
    sɾַ״̬
    S ɾڵУ״̬
    viƶ
    
ָ
˵
ܼ
0
ƶеǰ
[Home]
$
ƶе
[End]
[Ctrl] [d]
°ҳ

[Ctrl] [f]
һҳ
[PageDown]
[Ctrl] [u]
ϰҳ

[Ctrl] [b]
һҳ
[PageUp]
H
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/string
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n
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/&?ʹãظһ

n(

n)
ƶӵǰ
ǰָֿǰƶn
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ǰָֿƶn

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n{

n}
ƶǰ
ǰָֿǰƶn
ƶ¸ǰ
ǰָֿƶn

Ŀհָ
ָб£
    d  ɾdelete
    y  ƣyank
    p  ãput
    c  ޸ģchange
    Χм
    e  λõֵһĸ
    w  λõ¸ֵĵһĸ
    b  λõϸֵĵһĸ
     λõеһĸ
    0  λõеĵһĸ
     λõ¸ӵĵһĸ
     λõþӵĵһĸ
    }  λõöһĸ
    {  λõöĵһĸ
    :q  ༭quit
       浵Ҫ༭ļ:q!ǿ뿪
    :w  浵write
        ɼҪ浵֡
    :wq 浵뿪
    zz  ;wqͬ
    93.wall
    1
    wallû㲥Ϣ
   2ֲ˵ 
    wall[ļ]
    wallΪļе¼ûĻϣļԱ׼Ϊ룬Ctrl+DΪļֻгûЩΪϢ״̬ûĻϢ
    3û㲥Ϣ
    bash # wall
    system will be shutdown in 5 min !!!
    Broadcast Message from root @ lark
                (/dev/ttyp5) at 20:08. . .
    system will be shutdown in min ! ! !
    bash #
    94.wc
    1
    wcͳһļеֽ
    2ֲ˵
   wc [-clw] [--bytes] [--chars] [--lines] [--words] [--help]
      [--version] [ļб]
    -c, --bytes, --charsֻֽ
    -w,  -wordsֻ
    -l, --linesֻ
     --helpڱ׼Ϣ˳
    --versionڱ׼汾Ϣ˳
    3
    lark:->wc -c tcsh.txt
    252409 tcsh.txt
    lark:-> wc -w tcsh.txt
     27584 tcsh.txt
  lark;->wc -l tcsh.txt
     5478 tcsh.txt
   lark:->
    95.whereis
    1
    whereisλִУļԴļ
    ȱʡwhereisĿ¼Ѱļ
    /bin                    /usr/iterviewa/bin/LINUX
    /usr/bin                 /usr/bin/X11
    /etc                    /usr/X11/bin
    /usr/etc                 /usr/X11R5/bin
    /sbin                   /usr/X11R6/bin
    /usr/sbin                /usr/X386/bin
    /usr/games              /usr/local/bin
    /usr/games/bin           /usr/local/etc
    /usr/emacs/etc           /usr/local/sbin
    /usr/lib/emacs/19.22/etc   /usr/local/games
    /usr/lib/emacs/19.23/etc   /usr/local/games/bin
    /usr/lib/emacs/19.24/etc   /usr/local/emacs/etc
    /usr/lib/emacs/19.25/etc   /usr/loacal/Tex/bin
    /usr/lib/emacs/19.26/etc  /usr/loacl/tex/bin
    /usr/lib/emacs/19.27/etc  /usr/local/bin/X11
    /usr/lib/emacs/19.28/etc  /usr/contrib
    /usr/lib/emacs/19.29/etc  /usr/hosts
    /usr/lib/emacs/19.30/etc  /usr/include
    /usr/TeX/bin           /usr/g+ + -include
    /usr/tex/bin   
    2ֲ˵ 
   whereis [-bmsu] [-BMSĿ¼б -f] ļб
    -bֻѰִļ
    -mֻѰmanļ
    -sֻѰԴļ
    -uѰ·вļκһֵļ
    -BıѰִļ·
    -MıѰmanļ·
    -SıѰԴļ·
    3ѯwhereis·
    lark:->whereis whereis
    whereis;/usr/bin/whereis
    lark:->
    96.who
    1
    who鿴¼û
    2ֲ˵
    who [-imqsuwHT][--count][--idle][--heading][-help]
    [--message] [--mesg] [--version][--writable] [file] [ami]
    -mͬwhoami"who am i"
   -q, --countֻûĵ¼ʹõûĿ
    -i, -u, --idleûʱ䣬"."ûûз"old"û24Сʱ
    -H, --headingͷ
   -w, -T, --mesg, --message, --writableûϢ״̬
    +д
    -д
    ܷն豸
    --helpڱ׼Ϣ˳
    --versionڱ׼汾Ϣ˳
    3гϵͳǰû
    lark:->who -H
    USER    LINE    LOGIN-TIME    FROM
    chenxy   ttyp2     Sep 29 20:37(hpte2.ihep.ac.cn)
    liubx     ttyp3     Sep 29 15:59(:0.0)
    fangh    ttyp4     Sep 29 19:19 (csun01.ihep.ac.c)
    lark:->
    98.write
    1
    writeһûϢ
    ûǳûܶ趨message nûϢɺʹCtrl-D
    2ֲ˵
    write user [@host] [ttyname]
   99.zoo
    1
    zooʹLzʽѹļ
   2ֲ˵
    zoo {acfDeghHILPTuUvVx}[aAcCdEfghImMnNoOpPqSul:/.@n+ - =]
    ļ  ļб
    zoo -command ļ ļб
    zoo h
    
ѡ

רѡ
-add
-extract
-move
-test
-print
-delete
-list
-update
-freshen
-comment
ļļ
Ӵļн⿪ļ
ƶԴļ
Դļ
Ӵļн⿪ļ׼
Ӵļɾļ
гļĿ¼
´ļеļ
Ӵļеļ
ļע
aP:
x
aMP
xNd
xp
DP
VC
aunP:
aunp:
c
3ĿǰĿ¼ļļbak.zooУ
    lark:->zoo a ban./*
    Zoo: ./bak.tar   --(24%)added
    Zoo: ./circle    --(31%)added
    Zoo: ./sec.tar   --(20%)added
    Zoo:./sourcefile --(13%)added
    lark:->
    
